Himachal Predesh

Himachal Pradesh (Hindi matl prde ( listen)) is a assign in Northern India. It is spread alwaysyplace 21,495 sq mi (55,670 km2),3 and is bordered by Jammu and Kashmir on the north, Punjab on the watt and south-west, Haryana and Uttarakhand on the south-east and by the Tibet Autonomous Region on the east.Himachal Pradesh is famous for its considerable natural beauty.4 by and by the struggle surrounded by Nepal and Britain, as tumesce known as the Anglo-Gorkha War (18141816), the British colonial government came into power. In 1950 Himachal was decl atomic number 18d a union territory, but after the r resi due(p)er of Himachal Pradesh Act 1971, Himachal emerged as the eighteenth evoke of the Republic of India. Hima means snow in Sanskrit, and the literal convey of the introduces name is In the lap of Himalayas. It was named by Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma, angiotensin-converting enzyme of the great Sanskrit scholars of Himachal Pradesh.The economy of Himachal Pradesh is currently the third fastest growing economy in India.citation needed Himachal Pradesh has been stratified fourth in the list of the highest per capita incomes of Indian put ups. The abundance of ever-living rivers enables Himachal to shift hydroelectric automobileity to opposite recites frequently(prenominal) as Delhi, Punjab and Rajasthan. The economy of the take is highly helpless on cardinal man-made lakes hydroelectric power, tourism and agriculture.Himachal Pradesh is the least urbanized express in India with nearly 90% of creation living in agrestic sweep, but the Shimla partition is comparatively urbanized with nearly 25% world living in an urban argona. According to a 2005 Transp arency inter bailiwick survey, Himachal Pradesh is ranked the second-least corrupt state in the downed estate after Kerala.Contents1 tale 2 Geography and climate 3 Flora and fauna 4 Subdivisions 5 regimen 5.1 principal(prenominal) rectors of Himachal Pradesh 6 Agriculture 7 deliverance 8 heritage 9 Transport 10 Demographics 10.1 Languages 11 burnish 11.1 Food 11.2 Famous people 12 Education 12.1 Universities and colleges 13 Media and parley 14 State profile 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 External linksHistory primary(prenominal) hold History of Himachal PradeshThe recital of the area that now shows Himachal Pradesh dates back to the time when the Indus v eitherey civilisation flourished between 2250 and 1750 BCE.7 Tribes such as the Koilis, Halis, Dagis, Dhaugris, Dasa, Khasas, Kinnars and Kirats inhabited the region from pre-historic era. During the Vedic period, several elfin republics known as Janapada existed which were later conquered by the Gupta Empire. subsequently a apprize period of supremacy by King Harshavardhana, the region was once again divided into several local powers headed by chieftains, including some Rajput principalities.These kingdoms enjoyed a swelled degree of independence and were invaded by Delhi Sultan ate a public figure of times. Mahmud Ghaznavi conquered Kangra at the ascendent of the 10th century. Timur and Sikander Lodi also marched through the lower hummocks of the state and captured a number of forts and fought manybattles. Several hill states acknowledged Mughal suzerainty and paid regular subvention to the Mughals. Sansar Chand (c.17651823)The Gurkhas, a martial tribe, came to power in Nepal in the year 1768. They fused their military power and began to expand their territory. Gradually the Gorkhas annexed Sirmour and Shimla. With the leadership of Amar Singh Thapa, Gorkhas laid siege to Kangra. They managed to defeat Sansar Chand Katoch, the ruler of Kangra, in 1806 with the help of many provincial chiefs. that Gorkhas could non capture Kangra fort which came under Maharaja Ranjeet Singh in 1809. After the defeat the Gorkhas began to expand towards the south of the state.However, Raja Ram Singh, Raja of Siba State managed to capture the fort of Siba from the remn ants of Lahore Darbar in Samvat 1846, during the First Anglo-Sikh War. They came into direct conflict with the British along the tarai belt after which the British expelled them from the provinces of the Satluj. The British gradually emerged as the paramount power. In the revolt of 1857, or commencement Indian war of independence, arising from a number of grievances against the British, the people of the hill states were not as politically active as were those in other(a) agencys of the country. They and their rulers, with the exception of Bushahr, remained to a greater extent or less inactive. virtually, including the rulers of Chamba, Bilaspur, Bhagal and Dhami, rendered help to the British government during the revolt. Rock pare Temple, MasroorThe British territories came under the British Crown after Queen Victorias resolve of 1858. The states of Chamba, Mandi and Bilaspur made good progress in many fields during the British rule.7 During World War I, virtually all rulers of the hill states remained loyal and contributed to the British war effort, both in the anatomy of men and materials. Among these were the states of Kangra, Jaswan, Datarpur, Guler, Nurpur, Chamba, Suket, Mandi and Bilaspur.After independence the old-timer Commissioners Province of H.P. came into being on 15 April 1948 as a declaration of integrating of 28 petty princely states (including feudatory princes and zaildars) in the promontories of the westbound Himalaya, known in full as the Simla Hills States & four Punjab southern hill States by issue of the Himachal Pradesh (Administration) Order, 1948 under Sections 3 & 4 of the Extra-Provincial Jurisdiction Act, 1947 (later renamed as the Foreign Jurisdiction Act, 1947 vide A.O. of 1950). The State of Bilaspur was merged in the Himachal Pradesh on 1 April 1954 by the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act, 1954. Himachal became a part C state on 26 January 1950 with the implementation of the Constitution of India and the Lt. Governor was nominate. Legislative fiction was elected in 1952.Himachal Pradesh became a Union Territory on 1 November 1956. Following area of Punjab State namely Simla, Kangra, Kulu and Lahul and Spiti Districts, Nalagarh tehsil of Ambala District, Lohara, Amb and Una kanungo hardenings, some area of Santokhgarh kanungo circle and some other specified area of Una tehsil of Hoshiarpur District besides some parts of Dhar Kalan Kanungo circle of Pathankot tehsil of Gurdaspur District were merged with Himachal Pradesh on 1 November 1966 on enactment of Punjab shake-up Act, 1966 by the Parliament. On 18 declination 1970, the State of Himachal Pradesh Act was passed by Parliament and the new state came into being on 25 January 1971. thence Himachal emerged as the eighteenth state of the Indian Union.Geography and climateMain bind Geography of Himachal Pradesh expose Gompa with Spiti River flowing behind. A summer view of Khajjiar. Climate Temperature citation needed Avg. Winter 7 C (45 F) Avg. Summer 28 C (82 F) Precipitation 1,469 mm (57.8 in) Asiatic Paradise Flycatcher in Kullu Himalyan Monal at Birds Park in ShimlaHimachal is situated in the western Himalayas. Covering an area of 55,673 kilometres (34,594 mi),3 it is a craggy state with elevation ranging from near 350 metres (1,148 ft) to 7,000 metres (22,966 ft) above the sea level.The drainage formation of Himachal is composed both of rivers and glaciers. Himalayan rivers criss-cross the entire mountain chain. Himachal Pradesh provides water to both the Indus and Ganges basins.10 The drainage forms of the region are the Chandra Bhaga or the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas, the Sutlej and the Yamuna. These rivers are perennial and are fed by snow and rainfall. They are protected by an extensive cover of natural vegetation. there is great variation in the climatic conditions of Himachal due to extreme variation in elevation. The climate varies from hot and sub-humid tropic in the southern trac ts to rimed, alpine and glacial in the northern and easterly mountain ranges with to a greater extent elevation.11 The state has areas like Dharamsala that receive very gravid rainfall, as well as those like Lahaul and Spiti that are cold and about rainless.Broadly, Himachal experiences three seasons Summer, Winter and rainy season. Summer lasts from mid April till the end of June and most parts become very hot (except in alpine zone which experiences a mild summer) with the average temperature ranging from 28 C (82 F) to 32 C (90 F). Winter lasts from late November till mid March. Snowfall is green in alpine tracts (generally above 2,200 metres (7,218 ft) i.e. in the Higher and Trans-Himalayan region). Flora and faunaMain article Protected areas of Himachal PradeshAccording to 2003 Forest Survey of India report, legally defined forest areas constitute 66.52% of the area of Himachal Pradesh, although area under tree cover is scarcely 25.78%.12 plant in the state is dictated by elevation and precipitation.The southern part of the state, at lower elevations than the north, has both tropical and subtropic dry broad-leafed forests and tropical and subtropical wet broadleaf forests.12 These are represented by northwestern thorn scrub forests along the border with Haryana and Uttar Pradesh and by top(prenominal) Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests in the far southeast. Sal and shisham are found here.Rising into the hills, we go a mosaic of western Himalayan broadleaf forests and Himalayan subtropical pine forests. Various deciduous and evergreen oaks live in the broadleaf forests, while Chir pine dominates the pine forests. Western Himalayan subalpine coniferous tree forests grow near treeline, with species that include East Himalayan Fir, West Himalayan Spruce, Deodar (State tree), and Blue pine.The uppermost elevations have western Himalayan alpine pubic h rail line and meadows in the northeast and northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows i n the northwest. Trees are sturdy with a vast cabbagework of roots. Alders, birches, rhododendrons and moist alpine shrubs are there as the regional vegetation. The rhododendrons can be seen along the hillsides around Shimla from March to May. The shrublands and meadows give way to rock and scum around the highest peaks.Himachal is also said to be the fruit bowl of the country with orchards scattered all over the place. Meadows and pastures are also seen clinging to steep slopes. After the winter season, the hillsides and orchards bloom with wild flowers, while gladiolas, carnations, marigolds,13 roses, chrysanthemums, tulips and lilies are carefully cultivated. The state government is gearing up to make Himachal Pradesh as the flower basketball hoop of the world.Himachal Pradesh has around 1200 bird and 359 animal species, including the leopard, snow leopard (State animal), ghoral, musk deer and Western Tragopan.citation needed It has 2 major interior(a) parks and sanctuaries the largest number in the Himalayan region. The gigantic Himalayan discipline Park in Kullu district was created to conserve the phytology and fauna of the main Himalayan range, while the Pin Valley National Park to conserve the flora and fauna of the cold desert. SubdivisionsMain article heed of districts of Himachal PradeshHimachal Pradesh is divided into 12 districts namely, Kangra, Hamirpur, Mandi, Bilaspur, Una, Chamba, Lahaul and Spiti, Sirmaur, Kinnaur, Kullu, Solan and Shimla. The state capital is Shimla which was formerly British Indias summer capital under the name Simla.A district of Himachal Pradesh is an administrative geographic unit, headed by a police lieutenant Commissioner or District Magist run, an officer be to the Indian Administrative Service. The district magist rate or the deputy commissioner is assisted by a number of officers starting to Himachal Administrative Service and other Himachal state services. Each district is subdivided into Sub-Divisions, governed by a sub-divisional magistrate, and again into Blocks. Blocks consists of panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities. A Superintendent of police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service is entrusted with the accountability of maintaining law and order and related issues of the district. He is assisted by the officers of the Himachal Police Service and other Himachal Police officials.GovernmentMain article Government of Himachal Pradesh Town dorm in Shimla.The Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh has no pre-Constitution history. The State itself is a post-Independence creation. It came into being as a centrally ad looked territory on 15 April 1948 from the integration of thirty erstwhile princely states.Himachal Pradesh is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy, a feature the state shares with other Indian states. normal suffrage is granted to residents. The legislature consists of elected members and redundant offi ce bearers such as the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker who are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speakers absence. The judiciary is composed of the Himachal Pradesh High Court and a system of lower courts. Executive authority is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the brain Minister, although the titular head of government is the Governor.The Governor is the head of state appointed by the President of India. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assemblyis appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly. The Assembly is unicameral with 68 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA).15 Terms of office run for 5 years, unless the Assembly is dissolved anterior to the completion of the term. Auxiliary authorities known a s panchayats, for which local form elections are regularly held, govern local affairs.Governments have seen alternates between Bharatiya Janata society (BJP) and Indian National Congress (INC), no third front ever has become significant. In 2003, the state legislative assembly was win by the Indian National Congress and Virbhadra Singh was elected as the chief minister of the state. In the assembly elections held in December 2007, the BJP secured a landslide victory. The BJP win 41 of the 68 seats while the Congress win altogether 23 of the 68 seats. BJPs Prem Kumar Dhumal was sworn in as Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh on 30 December 2007.In the assembly elections held in November 2012, the Congress secured an haughty majority.16 The Congress won 36 of the 68 seats while the BJP won only 26 of the 68 seats. Virbhadra Singh was sworn-in as Himachal Pradeshs Chief Minister for a record sixth term in Shimla on 25 December 2012. Virbhadra Singh who has held the top office in Himachal basketball team times in the past, was administered the malediction of office and secrecy by Governor Urmila Singh at an open notice at the historic Ridge Maidan in Shimla.17 Chief Ministers of Himachal PradeshYS+Parmar.jpg Thakur Ram Lal.jpg Virbhadra Singh HP.jpg Main article List of Chief Ministers of Himachal PradeshYashwant Singh Parmar Thakur Ram Lal Shanta Kumar Virbhadra Singh Prem Kumar Dhumal Virbhadra SinghAgriculture Himalayas from Kullu ValleyAgriculture contributes nearly 45% to the net state domestic product. It is the main source of income as well as employment in Himachal. About 93% of the state population depends at present upon agriculture.However, agriculture in the state suffers from certain limitations, especially in the payoff of food grains. One of these reasons is that the area under cultivation cant be broad to an appreciable extent. Also, reclamation of land on slopes is not economical and increases environmental degradation. The state can profit more than by cultivating cash crops as per the agro-climatic conditions.The main cereals vainglorious in the state are wheat, maize, rice and barleycorn. Kangra, Mandi and the Paonta valley of Sirmaur (to some extent) are the major producers of the startle three cereals, while barley is largely cultivated in Shimla.Though the state is deficient in food grains, it has gained a lot in other spheres of agriethnical production such as seed potato, ginger, vegetables, vegetable seeds, mushrooms, chicory seeds, hops, olives and fig. Seed potato is by and large grown in the Shimla, Kullu and Lahaul areas. Special efforts are being made to advertize cultivation of crops like olives, figs, hops, mushrooms, flowers, pistachio nuts, sarda melon and saffron.Fruit cultivation has also proved to be an economic boon. There are huge tracts of land suitable only for growing fruits. Fruit of all cultivation does not add to the problem of soil erosion and its employment potential is more t han conventional farming. The yield per acre in terms of income is also much high. orchard apple tree farming produces the maximum income. Fruit growing in the state is channel over INR300 crore annually.Land husbandry initiatives such as the Mid-Himalayan Watershed Development understand, which includes the Himachal Pradesh Reforestation Project (HPRP), the worlds largest clean development mechanism (CDM) undertaking, have meliorate agricultural yields and productivity, and raised rural household incomes.18 EconomyMain article Economy of Himachal Pradesh realise State Domestic Product at Current Prices figures in millions of Indian Rupees Year Gross State Domestic Product1980 7,940 1985 13,720 1990 28,150 1995 66,980 2000 135,900 2005 230,240 2007 254,350The era of planning in Himachal Pradesh started 1948 along with the rest of India. The first five-year plan allocated INR5.27 crore to Himachal. More than 50% of this intake was incurred on road construction since it was felt that without proper transport facilities, the figure out of planning and development could not be carried to the people, who mostly lived an isolated universe in far outside(a) areas. Himachal now ranks fourth in love of per capita income among the states of the Indian Union.Agriculture contributes over 45% to the net state domestic product. It is the main source of income and employment in Himachal. Over 93% of the population in Himachal depends directly upon agriculture which provides direct employment to 71% of its people. The main cereals grown are wheat, maize, rice and barley.Hydro Power is also one of the major source of income generation for the State.19 Identified Hydroelectric Potential for the state is 23,000.43 MW in five rivers basins20 i.e. (Yamuna, Satluj, Beas, Ravi and Chenab). HeritageHimachal has a rich heritage of handicrafts. These include woolen and pashmina shawls, carpets, silver and coat ware, embroidered chappals, grass shoes, Kangra and Gompa style pa intings, wood work, horse-hair bangles, wooden and metal utensils and various other house hold items. These aesthetic and enjoyful handicrafts declined under competition from utensil made goods and also because of lack of marketing facilities. But now the implore for handicrafts has increased within and outside the country.Himachal is extremely rich in hydro electric resources. The state has about 25% of the national potential in this respect. It has been estimated that about 20,300MW of hydro electric power can be generated in the State by constructing various major, medium, small and mini/micro hydel projects on the five river basins. The state is also the first state in India to achieve the goal of having a bank account for both family.citation needed As per the current prices, the broad(a) gross domestic product was estimated at INR25,435 crore as against INR23,024 crore in the year 200405, showing an increase of 10.5%.21 TransportMain article Transport in Himachal Pradesh Kalka-Shimla line lineAirState has three domestic airports in Shimla, Kullu and Kangra districts The air routes come to the state with Delhi and Chandigarh. Shimla Airport, which is around 21 km in west of city.Bhuntar Airport is in Kullu district around 10 km away from district headquarter. Gaggal Airport is in Kangra district which is aorund 10 km from Kangra and 23 km from Dharamsala.RailwayHimachal is famous for its narrow gauge tracks railways, one is UNESCO World Heritage Kalka-Shimla Railway and another one is PathankotJogindernagar. Total length of these two tracks is 259 km. Kalka-Shimla Railway track ispasses through lot of tunnels while PathankotJogindernagar gently meanders through a maze of hills and valleys. It also has standard gauge railway track which connect Amb (Una district) to Delhi. Survey is being conducted to extend this railway line to Kangra (via Nadaun). Another proposed railway tracks in state are Baddi-Bilaspur, Dharamsala-Palampur and Bilaspur-Manali- Leh.RoadRoads are the major climate of transport in the hilly terrains. The state has road network of 28,208 km (17,528 mi),22 including eight National Highways (NH) that constitute 1,234 km (767 mi) and 19 State Highways with total length of 1,625 km.22 Some roads get closed during winter and monsoon seasons due to snowfall and landslides. It is quite interesting that Hamirpur, has got the highest road density in the country.23 DemographicsTraditional hearth, Manali showPopulation outgrowth showLiteracy RateHimachal Pradesh has a total population of 6,856,509 including 3,473,892 males and 3,382,617 females as per the provisional results of the Census of India 2011. This is only 0.57 per cent of Indias total population, recording a growth of 12.81 per cent. Total grandness rate (TFR) per woman is 1.8 which is one of lowest in India.Himachal Pradesh has a literacy rate of 83.78 per cent and gender ratio at 974/1000, according to the 2011 Census figures.Census-wise, the state is p laced 21st on the population chart followed by Tripura at 22nd place. Kangra district was top ranked with a population distinctiveness of 1,507,223 (21.98%), Mandi district 999,518 (14.58%), Shimla district 813,384 (11.86%), Solan district 576,670 (8.41%), Sirmaur district 530,164 (7.73%), Una district 521,057 (7.60%), Chamba district 518,844 (7.57%), Hamirpur district 454,293 (6.63%), Kullu district 437,474 (6.38%),Bilaspur district 382,056 (5.57%), Kinnaur district 84,298 (1.23%) and Lahaul Spiti 31,528 (0.46%).The main communities are Rajputs, Rathis, Brahmins and Ghirth. The Ghirth (choudhary) fraternity is found mainly in Kangra District. Himachal has a sizeable population of Tibetans. Himachal Pradesh has the one of the highest proportion of Hindu population in India (95%). Other religions that form a small percentage are Buddhism and Sikhism. The Lahaulis of Lahaul and Spiti region are mainly Buddhists. Sikhs mostly live in towns and cities and constitute 1.23% of the state population.For example they form 10% of the population in Una District adjoining the state of Punjab and 17% in Shimla, the state capital. The Buddhists are mainly natives and tribals from Lahaul and Spiti, where they form majority of 60% and Kinnaur where they form 40%, however the bulk are refugees from Tibet.25 The Muslims constitute slightly 1.63% of the population of Himachal Pradesh.The life expectancy at birth in Himachal Pradesh is 62.8 years (higher than the national average of 57.7 years) for 19861990. The infant mortality rate stood at 40 in 2010 and crude birth rate has declined from 37.3 in 1971 to 16.9 in 2010, below the national average of 26.5 in 1998. The crude death rate was 6.9 in 2010. Himachal Pradeshs literacy rate grew by 34.65% between 1981 and 2001.LanguagesHindi is both the official language and the lingua franca of Himachal Pradesh. However, much of the population speaks Pahari, which includes nearly all Western Pahari dialects. Medium of pedagogy in sch ools and colleges is Hindi, Punjabi, and English.CultureMain article Culture of Himachal Pradesh Kullu Dussehra festival The village of Nako in Kinnaur, Himachal PradeshHimachal was one of the a few(prenominal) states that had remained largely untouched by external customs, largely due to its voiceless terrain. With the technological advancements the state has changed very rapidly. It is amultireligional, multicultural as well as multilingual state like other Indian states. Some of the most commonly spoken languages includes Hindi, Pahari, Dogri, Mandeali Kangri, Mandyali, Gojri and Kinnauri. The caste communities residing in Himachal include the Brahmins, Rajputs, Gujjars, Gaddis, Ghirth (choudhary), Kannets, Rathis and Kolis, Sood There are tribal populations in the state which mainly comprise Kinnars, Pangawals, Sulehria, and Lahaulis.The state is well known for its handicrafts. The carpets, leather works, shawls, metalware, woodwork and paintings are worth appreciating. Pashmi na shawls are a product that is highly in demand in Himachal and all over the country. Himachali caps are famous art work of the people. Extreme cold winters of Himachal necessitated wool weaving. Nearly every household in Himachal owns a pit-loom. woolen is considered as pure and is used as a ritual cloth. The well-known(a) woven object is the shawl, ranging from fine pashmina to the coarse desar. Kullu is famous for its shawls with striking patterns and spirited colours. Kangra and Dharamshala are famous for Kangra miniature paintings.Local music and dance reflect the cultural identity of the state. Through their dance and music, they entreat their gods during local festivals and other special occasions. Apart from the fairs and festivals that are celebrated all over India, there are number of other fairs and festivals that are of great significance to Himachal Pradesh.Shimla, the state capital, is domicile to Asias only natural ice skating rink.FoodThe day to day sustenance o f Himachalis is though similar to the rest of north India but is unique for its taste and ingredients used. They have lentil, rice, and vegetables. The rotis (breads) are made of flours like wheat and maze. Some of the specialties of the Himachali cuisine include Mandra, Maahni, Batt, Mitha Saloona, Bhujju, Saag, Palda, Redhu, chouck, bhagjery, jhoul,siddu/batooru, beduan, chutney, khatti dal, etc. Famous peopleProminent people associated with Himachal include The Great Khali, Anupam Kher, Amrish Puri (who analyze here), Prem Chopra (brought up here), Mohit Chauhan, Anand Sharma (member of Rajya Sabha and Union Cabinet Minister for Commerce and Industry of the Government of India), Third Supreme Court Chief-Justice and former Prime Minister of Kashmir in 1947 Mehr Chand Mahajan, economist and former vice-president of World Bank Shahid Javed Burki, NSG Commando, Pritam Singh, Bollywood actresses Preity Zinta is the brand ambassador of the state while other famous people from Hindi ci nema are Kangna Ranaut, Hollywood actress Namrata Singh Gujral, Satyananda Stokes who introduced the company apple in the region, writer Idries Shah, ornithologist Allan Octavian Hume (had his home here) former general of Pakistan Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq and current president of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai who both studied here.Vijay Kumar won silver medal in 25m shooting in 2012 Summer Olympics belong to village Harsore near Barsar in Hamirpur district. EducationMain articles Education in Himachal Pradesh and List of institutions of higher education in Himachal Pradesh Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital at ShimlaIndian Institute of pass on Study at Shimla National Institute of engineering science, Hamirpur, (Admin block)Himachal Pradesh has one of the highest literacy rate in India next to Kerala.31 Hamirpur District is among the top districts in the country for literacy.31 Education rates among women are quite encouraging in the state.31 The standard of education in the state h as reached a considerably high level as compared to other states in India31 with several reputed educational institutes for higher studies.The Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh University Shimla, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT, CSIR Lab), Palampur, the National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, the Central University Dharamshala, the Baddi University of emerge Sciences and Technologies Baddi, the Jaypee University of Information Technology Waknaghat, Eternal University, Sirmaur & Chitkara University Solan are some of the innovatoruniversities in the state.CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalya Palampur is one of the most renowned hill agriculture institutes in world. Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry has earned a unique distinction in India for imparting teaching, explore and extension education in horticulture, forestry and allied disciplines. Further, state-run Jawaharlal Nehru Government Engineering College started in 2006 at Sundernagar is an important milestone in higher technical education in the state.The state government is working constantly to prepare plans and projects to tone up the education system. The state government decided to start three treat colleges to develop the health system.There are over 10,000 primary schools, 1,000 secondary schools and more than 1,300 high schools in Himachal. The state government has decided to start three major nursing colleges to develop the health system in the state.31 In meeting the constitutional obligation to make primary education compulsory, Himachal has became the first state in India to make elementary education accessible to every child.The state has Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital, Kumarhatti. Besides that there is Himachal Dental College which is the states first recognised dental institute