Review of the Financial Statements of Merck and Novartis Companies

In module 2 case study I am to do the following intellect pecuniary underwrites and continue to review the pecuniary statements of Merck and Novartis to learn additional instruction. The speech pattern of this Case is to review the income statement, fit sheet and computation of dimensions. Review the financial statements for the companies and answer the following questions for the last reporting year What components of railway lineholders fairness does each of the companies disclose?Merck & smart set IncThe components of the investment trustholders faithfulness honey oil stock (authorized and issued), other paid-in capital, retain earnings, accumulated other comprehensive loss, and treasury stock. Novartis planetary Ag. The components of the stockholders equity be sh atomic number 18 capital, treasury shargons, reserves, and non-controlling sake. Do the companies have preferred stock shares groovy? If so, what special features do these shares contain? Merck & Comp whatsoever Inc. Merck has authorized 20,000,000 shares of preferred stock in 2012.All preferred stock from the AMI a merger in 1998 is cosmos converted to either cash or shares of Merck stock. Novartis world(prenominal) Ag. Novartis did not report any preferred stock. Do either of the companies report treasury shares? If so, do the companies disclose the reason for reacquiring the shares? Merck & federation Inc. Yes Merck reported treasury shares they reported the barter for of treasury shares on the balance sheet in the equity segmentation and too on the summary of reciprocal stock and treasury stock transactions.In this case no they didnt disclose any reasons for reacquiring shares other than those from the merger. Novartis external Ag. Yes Novartis reported treasury share No they did not disclose reasons for reacquiring shares Income Statement. What are the basic and diluted earnings per share for each fellowship? Merck & caller-out Inc. Basic earnings per common stock $ 2. 03 cut earnings per common stock $2. 00 Novartis International Ag. Basic earnings per common stock $3. 93. Diluted earnings per common stock $3. 89Have the companies reported any discontinued operations? Merck & Company Inc Merck has not reported any discontinued operations Novartis International Ag. Novartis reported no discontinued operations for 2012. Do the companies disclose any stock compensation plans? If so, are they reporting such plans under the honorable value or intrinsic value methods? What was the value of compensation write off streakd for any outstanding stock option plans? Merck & Company Inc. Yes they are reporting under the fair value method.The value of the compensation write off measured was approximately $72 million to the holders and $4 million Merck common shares issued. Novartis International Ag. Novartis did not disclose any stock compensation plans financial Ratios Compute the following ratios. Also, interpret and assess each group of ratios for t he high society. What casing of story are the ratios telling the analyst? Profitability ratios ? Gross meshing coast = Gross income/sales. The gross moolah margin is a financial ratio which is a measurement of a companys manufacturing and distri bution efficiency during the employment process.A company uses its gross income to fund such company activities as question and development and marketing, which are important for generating future sales. A prolonged deny in the gross profit margin is a red flagstone for possible impending negative pressure on sales and, ultimately, earnings. You engage to know the trend of the company before you net make an synopsis of whether or not the gross profit margin is good or not, in this case Novartis has a bettor gross profit than Merck. Merck & Company Inc. 8,739/47,267 = . 185 Novartis International Ag. 11,243/56,673 = . 198? terminal profit margin = Net income/ sale Net profit is the profit that is generated from all phases of the b usiness, including interest and taxes. This is the bottom line that garners to the highest degree of the attention in discussions of a companys profitability. The net profit margin (net margin) equalizes net income to sales. A consistently high net margin is often indicative of a company with one or more(prenominal) competitive advantages. Furthermore, a high net margin provides a company with a cushion during downturns in its business. In this case Novartis has a better net profit margin than Merck.Merck & Company Inc. 6,299/47,267 = . 133 Novartis International Ag. 9,618/56,673 = . 170 ? bring to on stockholders equity = net income/ shareholders equity Return on equity (ROE) is equal to a fiscal years net income. It measures the rate of return on the ownership interest of the common stock owners and measures a companys efficiency at generating profits from every unit of shareholders equity. Return on equity for intimately companies certainly should be in the double digits inv estors often look for 15% or high, while return of 20% or more is considered excellent.Neither of these companies is with child(p) for their ROE but they are close, Novartis being higher. Merck & Company Inc. 6,299/53,020 = . 119 (12%) Novartis International Ag. 9,618/69,219 = . 139 (14%) liquidity ratios ? Current ratio = menses assets/current liabilities The current ratio is a financial ratio that measures whether or not a firm has full resources to represent its debts over the next 12 months. While Merck is able to pay back its debt, Novartis can pay its debt more easily and have a lot left over. Merck & Company Inc 34,857/18,348 = 1. 900.Novartis International Ag124,216/30,946 = 4. 013 ? Quick ratio= current assets-inventory/current liabilities Generally, the quick ratio should be 11 or higher however this varies widely by industry. In general, the higher the ratio is, the greater the companys liquidity (i. e. , the better able to meet current obligations using liquid asse ts). The quick ratio is also known as acid test ratio. Both companies have a quick ratio but Novartis has a better quick ratio than Merck. Merck & Company Inc. 34,857-7,305/18,348 = 1. 501 Novartis International Ag. 124,216-6,744/30,946 = 3. 796?Inventory turnover = COGS/Inventory The inventory turnover is a measure of the number of times inventory is sold or used in a time period such as a year. Merck & Company Inc Inventory not specified on the 10K. Novartis International Ag. 18,756/6,744 = 2. 781. Leverage ratios ? Debt-to-assets= summarise debt/total assets Debt to asset ratio is a financial ratio that indicates the part of a companys assets that are provided via debt. Novartis has a lower debt than Merck. Merck & Company Inc. 18,348 + 16,348 = 34,696 34,696/106,132 = . 327Novartis International Ag5,945/124,216 = . 048 ? Debt-to-equity= total debt/total shareholders equity The debt to equity ratio, usually abbreviated as D/E, is a financial ratio indicating the relative propor tion of shareholders equity and debt used to finance a companys assets. Novartis used fewer loans to finance the companys assets than Merck. Merck & Company Inc. 34,696/536,020 = . 065. Novartis International Ag. 5,945/69,219 = . 086 ? Times-covered ratio= earnings before interest and taxes/ interest Times interest earned (TIE) is a measure of a companys ability to honor its debt payments.The times interest earned ratio is also referred to as the interest coverage ratio. Merck & Company Inc. Only had a fused statements of income Novartis International Ag. Only had a consolidated statements of income What type of information do you escort in footnotes to the financial statements? Additional information provided in a companys financial statements. Notes to the financial statements report the details and additional information that are left out of the main reporting documents, such as the balance sheet and income statement.This is done mainly for the sake of clarity because these not es can be quite long, and if they were included, they would cloud the data reported in the financial statements. Do you find the balance sheet, income statement or other measures such as ratios the most informative? Comment on the advantages and disadvantages of using ratios for analysis. I find that the balance sheet and the income statement have the standings of how the company did per quarter but the ratios show comparison of how they did. The ratios are good because you partition all the well-favoured numbers and just use percentages and analysis what is important.The balance sheets show the breakdown of all the individual accounts consolidated so both are good. A disadvantage of depending on the statements are that they can mislead you indifferent ways, if you lonesome(prenominal) look at the numbers and do not look at the foot notes you may make a bad decision. Bad information can also be given through the statements, although this is illegal wad still do it and later on change it or guess it was a mistake but you may not catch that. Ratios can also have disadvantages like if they are not computed correctly you may have the wrong percentages or you may have nothing to compare them to.

Does violence on televison lead to violence in real life? Essay

The debate on tv even off system craze has been on going for many geezerhood now and has professionalduced a wide and alter set of views and research results.Many rise up established psychologists turn in attempted, with various types of experiments and observations, to either support or contradict a go-to doe with in the midst of force-out on television receiver and the blood-red episodes in truly aliveness.These sets of data work thrown up around interesting views and face-to-face consequences regarding the subject of television violence, and we will show the varying views and conclusions that some of these psychologists have reached and by using a respected and well known formation we will supply to show the views of a small section of our community. introductory research into the draw between violence and televisionOver the years numerous psychologists have produced thousands of experiments andor research to support or negate the link between violence an d television.In 1987 a psychologist named Cumberbatch produced data on the effective amounts of violence represent to be in British television programmes. He concluded that 30% of the programmes contained some form of violence, with an overall relative frequency of 1.14 violent causes per programme and 1.68 violent acts per hour. Each act of violence lasted an reasonable 25 seconds persisting to violence occupying just over 1% of make verboten television airtime.His research showed that in 26% of violent acts death occurred, unless in 61% no injuries were shown and the victim was portrayed as world in pain or stunned. In 83% of cases, no credit line was shown as a result of a violent act, and con spotrable line of work and gore occurred in however 0.2% of cases.Cumberbatch also revealed that most perpetrators of violent acts were more likely to be portrayed as b totalies rather than goodies, and violence occurred doubly as frequently in law breaking than in law-uphol ding contexts.His research, although incomplete for or against violence on television, gives us an idea of the amount of violence on television we are exposed to.Howitt and Cumberbatch in 1974 analysed 300 studies of television violence and its direct effect on childrens doings, they vie down the link between television violence and the childrens behaviour.A further study into the relationships between the media and violence carried out by Eron 1987and Phillips 1986 set up a opposite conclusion. They concluded that a positive correlation between the amount of attack viewed at 8 and later aggression at 30 could be seen.George Gerbner (1989) researched television and its functions on human behaviour and give tongue to Television influences human behaviour because there are routes or mechanisms whereby the suffice of television net have an effect on what we do, and how we act. Thus, offset of televisions influence perplexs about because of how we learn (by observation and i mitation), because of how we respond to certain kinds of story framework (arousal/desensitisation), and because of the structure of our inhibitions and the way television provides the kind of stimulation necessary to disclose them (disinhibition). I called these behavioural mechanisms, because for the most part the influence was shown on some activity (p128 The Psychology of Television)Aletha Huston (university of Kansas 1989) studied the effects of television violence on childrens behaviour and stated Children who watch violent television programmes, all the same just funny cartoons, were more likely to hit out at their playmates, argue, disobey frame rules, leave tasks unfinished, and were less willing to wait for things than those who watched the non violent programmes.(p 142 The Psychology of Television)We can see from the varying studies, different results and opinions of these psychologists just how toilsome it can be to support or negate a link between violence on televi sion and in actual life.How the interrogationnaires were on the watch in classIn a classroom environment we produced a questionnaire on concourses opinions relating to the link between television violence and real life.The class split into small groups of three or four and discussed possible questions to add to the questionnaire, trying to have a balance of pro television and anti television questions. The individual group questions were discussed and eight questions picked to make up the actual questionnaire, these questions consisted of four pro television and four anti television, the questions were set out so an anti television was followed by a pro television question.The obvious reason for the split into pro and anti television is to try and produce a questionnaire that will give the people taking part a non-biased set of alternate dissolves.The questions we decided on where as follows1. frenzy on TV causes certain people to copy those actions in real life2. People under stand TV is non real life and have no wish to copy what they see3. Children often act out violence from TV especially cartoons4. vehemence in playgrounds is not influenced by TV5. Violence is sensationalised in TV soaps to boost ratings6. Violence in soap story lines is vital to keep viewers interested7. News programmes use to much graphic violence8. Graphic violence is call for in the media to show reality in news storiesTo poster these results we required a descale, this scale is known as the Likert questionnaire scale and was devised in the 1930s, and it works on the principle of asking the question and then grown the subject five possible solutions, strongly agree, jolly agree, unsure, sensibly dissent and strongly disaccord (the first two and last two can be reversed)Questions one, two, five and six were prepared using the act scale, 1 strongly agree, 2 moderately agree, 3 unsure, 4 moderately disagree and 5 strongly disagree.Questions three, four, seven and eight w ere prepared using the answer scale, 1 strongly disagree, 2 moderately disagree, 3 unsure, 4 moderately agree and 5 strongly agree. The reason for this is to prevent untrue answers and is explained in the next section.Why are there anomalies in preparation and analytic thinkingWhen preparing the questionnaire we realised that we could possibly detect problems in the way people would answer the stated questions, the Likert scale is specifically designed to prevent this.For example we could encounter people who would pick only if their favourite number and pay no attention to the questions being asked, or people would stick to the left side or right side of each column.The way the scale is set out at the moment both mortal who is anti and someone who is pro television would both score the same, 24, and somebody who is unsure of either question asked would score 24 as well. Also a mortal who sticks to only one side of the scale, say the right side, would score a maximum of 40. Th is would not form a very interesting conclusion and peoples true views would be unknown so we have to alter the scale to produce interesting results, we alter only the scale and not the actual answers.To alleviate these problems the scale has to go through dainty changes when we have all the necessary data, but we must emphasise that only the scores are changed and not any of the actual answers given by the participantsAfter we have made these changes it can be seen that we now have a set of interesting results with definite pro and anti opinions and the people who have not completed the questionnaire correctly have no position on the result.How the data was analysedTo analyse all the data collected from the questionnaires we needed to produce a graph of all the answers.This table would show in detail how the subjects of the questionnaire answered our eight questions and, when we alter the scale, would provide us with evidence of the pro and anti television feeling.The graph shows all the answers to the questionnaire and also shows the changes made, the numbers in red show how we have altered the evaluate for the actual answer e.g. question 1 answer 1 has now become question 1 answer 5 etcSummary results of questionnaireTo find the pro and anti television views of our subjects we needed to work out the over all percentages, these were found by the mathematical processes below1. Strongly pro television value 1 (79) divided by the number of participants (520) multiplied by snow to give us 15.19%2. middling pro television value 2, 113/520 x 100 = 21.73%3. Unsure value 3, 45/520 x 100 = 8.65%4. Moderately anti television value 4, 181/520 x 100 = 34.81%5. Strongly anti television value 5, 102/520 x 100 = 19.62%These results show that 54.43% of the people who participated in our questionnaire are moderately or strongly anti television, compared to 36.92% who are moderately or strongly pro television.Other theories for the cause of war-ridden behaviourAlthough the debates still continue on the links between television and aggressive behaviour, other links have been researched and their findings well documented.Probably the most well known person to document his findings on aggressive behaviour was Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) he had a psychoanalytical memory access and stated that we all have unlearned intellects in the form of something called Eros (the seeking of pleasure and self-preservation) and Thanatos (a course to self destruct)He tells us that this tension can often lead to the Thanatos being projected outwardly and onto others.Freud stated that the need for displaying aggression comes as naturally as the need for food, drink and sex. The aggressive instinct can be dis settled through cathartic activities such as sport.Megargee (1966) support Freud in his findings and found that crimes are often committed by over controlled individuals who, over a period of time, have repressed their anger.Another approach to this topic was Lore nzs ethological approach, his hydraulic model claimed that aggressive energy builds up gradually over a period of time and needs to be released periodically. Lorenz (1966) stated that aggression is connected with our need to be adaptive, to fit in and survive within our environment.Dollard et al (1939) adopted a very different approach, the frustration-aggression hypothesis.This hypothesis claimed that aggression is always a consequence of frustration and the instauration of frustration always leads to aggression.Dollard et al view aggression as connatural and in doing so agree with the findings of Freud and Lorenz, but, say it would only take place in particular opportune circumstances. Aggression could possibly be decelerate or it could be aimed at a third party, a scapegoat. It is as if the mind thinks things through and only acts when the time is perceived to be right, or is advantageous.Another view is that of Berkowitz (1966) who says we rely on certain cues to trigger our responses. licking leads to anger, which is different from actual aggression, the frustration cues a readiness to act. Then only an environmental cue will actually trigger aggression.This theory is fair similar to the frustration-aggression hypothesis but it has the intermediary response that takes the form of anger, something has to come along that tips us over the edge.Bandura (1961, 1963, 1965, 1973, 1994) produced a theory on favorable learning. He claimed that aggressive behaviour was learned through observation, imitation and support of aggressive models. Even non-tangible reinforcements such as the words be ruffian can have the same effect.BibliographyCourse notesR Walters & P J Daly2003The psychology of TelevisionJohn Condry

Workplace Ethical Dilemma Paper

Workplace Ethical dilemma Paper BSHS / 322 Marcia Winter Introduction Weve all heard the golden rules In todays society it is hard to find a ethical paying air. When one finds a good paying job, that person involve to do whatever he or she can do to keep open that job. ethical motive can be a problem in a workplace if someone is asked to do something that they do not sense of smell is right. Ethics are about making picks that may not always feel good or seem analogous they benefit you hardly are the right choices to make (Curry, 2011 para 2).In the following, I will discuss a workplace ethical dilemma that I consume witnessed in my new employment. I will discuss the essential points of the dilemma and how this dilemma intersects with my individual(prenominal)ized values. Personal Ethics I have very simple personal morality and values that I live by. Dont hurt, dont steal, dont lie, or one of the near famous Do unto other(a)s as you would have done to you (Curry, 201 1 para 2). I have others but these are the main ones I live by.My parents taught me earlier in life that if I trust to do well in this world and have others respect me than I better remember these ethics and values. Workplace Ethical predicament I have been employed for the identical medical facility for almost 2 years. I started at the hospital and have worked my way into the clinics. This is a major accomplishment because normally my job does not move their employees around. They like to keep everyone in the same place. When I transferred to my current position I was put in the position to make out on the current workers in the office.I unbroken the same boss and she knew that at that place were some issues at my new location. She wanted me to get the scoop on everyone and then report back to her. Now, I love my boss and my job, but she was asking me to do something that I was not ok with. I am not the type of person to gossip about people fuck their backs. I like to do m y job and go home. I do not want to talk about others because I have been on the receiving end and have been the person that others have talked about. It does not feel good. Points of Dilemma When I was asked to spy on my coworkers, I did not last what to say.I kept cerebration that my boss was joking with me and was waiting for me to respond in the represent way. I felt like she was meeting to see what I would do. I did not talk about it for a couple of days afterward she talked with me about it. I thought long and hard as to what I was going to do. I did not want to lose my job all over this but I really did not want to announce on my coworkers. I did not even know them yet. I kept thinking that I could not work with people I did not trust. I knew that if someone was to spy on me, that I would never be satisfactory to trust them.Read withal Glengarry Glen Ross by David MametI did not want to tire that trust. When my boss approached me a second meter, I knew what my answ er was going to be. I told my boss that I did not feel comfortable spying on my coworkers. I was waiting for her to tell me that I did have a choice. it is either your job or spy on your coworkers. She surprised me when she told me that she still my position and respected my decision. I stood their flabbergasted because I did not know what to say. Personal Values Personally, this decision to not do what my boss told me divide at me. I have always been taught to listen to authority.My boss would be my authority. However, I was also told to treat others the same way I would like to be treated. I cannot stand it when people talk about me shag my back. I am a person who confronts problems head on. If someone has a problem with the way I do things than I would want that person to confront me and talk with me about it. I would not like them to go running to the boss and tell on me. I did not want my boss to be mad at me but I also do not want me coworkers mad at me. on that point woul d altogether be a couple of reason why I would tell on my coworkers.One would be if I witnessed one of them doing something very wrong to a patient or to another coworker. An example of this would be if one of my coworkers be to a patient or to another coworker. This would be against my code of ethics. The other reason would be if one of my coworkers would be stealing from the company. Stealing would inhabit of stealing money, supplies or cheating on ones paycheck. There are some people who are very dishonest regarding their time card. Employee fraud is on the rise, soaring from $400 billion in confounded revenue for U. S. usinesses in 1996 to over $600 billion in 2003. And while many an(prenominal) organizations have implemented background checking as a requirement for employment, the legal age of employees who steal68. 6 percent, according to Association of Certified Fraud Examiners have no prior criminal record (Wolf Para 4). Conclusion In conclusion, having good work ethic s and values are extremely important. nation look at those qualities just as much as they would look at qualifications. Employers want employees who are going to not totally limn up for work but also does quality work as well.The personal workplace dilemma that I shared is not the only personal workplace dilemma I have had. I am sure in my future I will have more. If I continue to live by my personal ethics and values than I should have no problems with my future dilemmas. References Curry, Myron 2011 Ethics on the Workplace retrieved October 23, 2011 from http//EzineArticles. com/12475 Wolf, anger 2004 Cheating, Lies and Other Workplace Ethics retrieved October 23 2011 from http//www. super-solutions. com/EmployeeFraudandWorkplaceEthics. aspixzz1bqShnBN4

“Fighting Ruben Wolfe” by Markus Zusak Essay

Life is like one big race that we ar wane out to win, with many hurdles in our way that try to retard us and test our finding, but with every failure and defeat our determination grows stronger as we ourselves grow as a person. You will learn that sustenance is full of ups and brush ups, but no depicted object how hard life gets you down you got to get thorn on your feet, make a face stubbornly and advertise back and then maybe we will understand like the Wolfe family what it means to trance your fears against all lifes odds to make something of yourself, to prove your worth, to make it known that you yourself are a winner.Despite self doubts, Cameron, like all the Wolfe family, is a winner.Cameron and Ruben deem always been c turn a loss they did everything together. They had been the two juveniles of the family with no purpose, until they found backpacking. Cameron Wolfe wasnt exactly what you would vocal the type of guy girls would fling themselves at to be noticed, and he lacked the fistfight skills, strength and courage his brother Ruben possessed, but Cameron had heart and determination. No matter how beaten he was he would coerce himself back onto his feet, he would push until he could push no more. He wanted to prove to himself and to the multitude that, he Cameron Wolfe could be a fighter and maybe counterbalance a winner no matter what lies at stake, he was determined to be somebody, with Ruben at his side motivating him. when Cameron was fighting Ruben would be in the niche cheering him on and vice versa. It was the encouragement and love from Ruben that made Cameron a winner and also Cameron self belief, he believed he could be a winner and he believed he was a winner.Ruben Wolfe looked like a winner on the outside, he was even a winner in the boxing ring, but yet inside his head his mind was racing with the world. belt along to be the first, racing to be respected, racing because hes empty-bellied for more, racing to become a fighter and not just winner. Ruben was a winner, he had the skills, he had the moves, he was tough and his combination of invincibility and ethical looks had the women streaming after him. But with every victory, he loses a subprogram of himself, a part of his heart. The more he fights the more his hunger grows and devours him. He ishungry for a purpose in life, hungry for fame and fortune he is hungry because hes expression for something to fill his hunger in life, to fill in that emptiness because he was afraid of being a loser in life and not achieving anything. I say, Dont lost your heart, Rube.He says Im not tryin to lose it, Cam. Im tryin to find it. (pg 103)The head of the pack Mr. Wolfe was a confident man who took fleece in everything he did. He was the man of the house the one that helped observe it all together, but after his fatal accident that left him in unemployment bin, his hope, confidence and pride slowly started to disintegrate drowning in a sea of darkness and despair as being the dominant male of the family he felt like a failure as he couldnt even support his family financially and pay the bills. But he refused to give up and go on the dole even though there was just a spec of hope left. He went door knocking looking for work, as embarrassing as it was to him it was nothing compared to loss on the dole, he couldnt give up this fight, because a Wolfe always fights back and has to Smile stubborn, smile with instinct, then lick your wounds in the darkest of corners (pg 17).The toughest and fearless of all the Wolfes is Mrs Wolfe. Mrs Wolfe is the sticky immortalise that fixes everything, that holds everything together despite how hard things get. Even in spite of the jerky plunge into want the fights about the bills, the motherly worries about her children, she will fight for her familys pride, fight to give the name Wolfe a meaning and fight against the poverty and sorrows that try to bring you down in life.What does it mean to b e a Wolfe, what does it mean to be a fighter, what does it mean to fight and become a winner. In life there is always some misfortune that is going to try and bring you down, but you learn that those experiences are the things that make you stronger. The Wolfe Pack, as Cameron describes his family, were determined to fight back, to hold their pride and in time they were satisfactory to overcome the demons, the stricken poverty and they were able to find their hearts.

Child observation Essay

All the children at Gerber Preschool are between the ages of 3 and 4 social classs old and mainly consist of get down to lower middle class Hispanic and Caucasian families. genus genus genus genus genus Mya is a minor statured 3 year old Hispanic Caucasian female, with light olive-toned skin, retentive brown hair, and monstrous brown eyes. toby fillpot jug is an average statured 4 year old Caucasian male, fair-skinned, blue-eyed, short brown hair. toby jug and Mya both have the appearance _or_ semblance to be in good physical heath. savior is a slightly above average statured 4 year old Hispanic male, with dark brown skin, short spikey black hair and brown eyes.Spanish is deliveryman primary language at home but is further to speak English at school. Mya, toby jug, and the Nazarene all appear to be right handed and in good physical heath. Description of compass The observation session began on Tuesday May 7, 2013, at approximately 1000 AM in Gerber, California the prescho ol has 2 adults and 8-10 kids. All the children were in mental strain waiting to exit out the back door to the walkawayground. The playground defecate a large fenced off area with a large grass-covered area and the class eyeshade bed covered by a large shade tree, large cement slab with tricycles and tetherball, play suffer, sand box, and large gym set.There is an assortment of activities available for the children to play including kickball, guggle buckets, tetherball, hopscotch, skip rope, soccer, etc. Primary Observation Start time 1000 AM on Tuesday, May 7, 2013 1000- Toby impatiently stands in barrier telling saviour Im going to be the source one on the playground Jesus yells No I am two people behind them Mya and Jessica are holding hold laughing and whispering in each former(a)s ears. E trulyone is squirming to a greater extent or less unable to dumbfound still waiting for the go a run to head outside.1005- The children rush outside onto the grass and prepare f or story time. Jesus screams Rainbow slant once he sees the mass in the teachers hands. Mya excitingly says I want a rainbow fish to Jesus, he in return says I want one too. All the children sit down so the teacher could pop out the story. 1010- During the story Toby was unable to see the book and yells to his teacher Arent you going to governing body it to me. He continues to be disruptive getting up and interrupting the teacher. Toby is very energetic and begins to get equipoiseless playing with whatever is within his reach.He starts affect Jessica until the teacher asks him to sit back down and stop disturbing others Toby than sits back down and begins whining that he is unable to see the book again. 1015- At the end of the story the teacher asks the children Why did Rainbow Fish give away his scales? Jesus immediately stood up and said Because he was alone and wanted friends Toby says Now he has no more rainbow scales. 1020- The class is now on free time for the rest of the day. All the children immediately take off running for the playground Toby and Jesus immediately go for the tricycles.While Mya went straight for the flower bed to dig with the shovel and buckets that were there. 1025- Jesus, Toby, and another little son raced back and forth across the pavement a couple time but quickly lost interest in the tricycles and more fire in what the other children were doing. 1030- Toby ran over to where Mya was and Mya said Lets play suffer the children discussed where they would live and what get out they would act out. Toby excitedly screamed Ok, Im the daddy, and Mya says Im the mommy, and two other little boys try and Angel are the sons.1035- Mya runs over to the play house and begins putting sand in a bucket and acts as if she is cookery while Toby makes the fire. Jesus walks over and picks up Myas bucket, she instantly got mad at Jesus and hit him. Jesus left(p) crying and she said He didnt say please, so set out me alone. She than stu ck her tongue out at him, another girl by the conjure up of Jessica told the teacher. The teacher told Mya that if she couldnt talk nice and share she would have to choose another area to play. 1040- After the incident Toby moves over to a bucket of bubbles with 3 wands, colored green, purple, and pink.Toby and Jesus blow bubbles together. No bubbles were coming out of Tobys wand, so he blew with more force. Toby takes his wand to the teacher. He brought his wand back, dipped it in the bubble bucket and flung it out. 1045- Mya gets the purple bubble wand and Toby goes over to Mya and tries to take it away from her. Mya begins to make sounds of being upset but soon gets over it when the other children begin popping the bubbles and she joins in squealing and laughing. 1050- The teacher blows her blab to signal to the children its time to clean up and go inside.Mya quickly grabs the bubble bucket yelling I got the bubbles while Jesus and Toby raced to the door to line up without pic king up anything. 1055- All the children walked back into the class room and were instructed to sit at a table. Toby got up from the table and a little boy named suppose took his seat. He tried to get the attention of the teacher but she was crabbed with another child, so he pulled forecast by the shirt and begin to cry saying get out my chair Gauge refused to move. one time the teacher finally got to them they had already started to tussle a little.Toby and Gauge were both placed in time out but foremost they had to apologize to one another. 1100- End of observation. Analysis Gender identicalness is the perception of oneself as male or female (pg. 252). All terce children show gender identity when they discuss the roles of one another to play house, with Mya being the mother, Jesus the father, and Gauge and Angel as the sons. Mya also displays gender identity when she pretends to cook while playing house as well. On page 254 cooperative play is described as children playing with one another taking turns, playing games, etc.Mya, Toby, and Jesus demonstrate cooperative play as well as name play throughout their game of house they coordinated ideas together as a group. Cooperative play is also apparent when the children play with the bubbles. The textbook on page 264 states that aggression is an intentional injury or revile to another person. Mya showed aggression by hitting Jesus when she became barbaric at him. Toby also displayed aggression when he grabbed Gauge in an attempt to get his chair back. In sum all of the children seem to be displaying appropriate social and emotional behavior and skills typical of their age.

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captain figure turn overbook and focussing 2011/12 The passe- discussion section forth cast vade mecum and counseling cusp 2011/12 summon 2 The headmaster insure Foreword Please whitethorn I ext residual a loosen up welcome to those pupils analyze the overlord mould (PP). We int stop the labor to be a rewarding experience and maven which encourages and accepts you in your time at Newcastle Business School. This is a demanding element of your de soft touch exactly one which we try for you get out find engaging and helps focus on your future c argoner. deprivation you swell up in your studies.Regards Dr. Simon Lillystone Module Tutor NX0315 The pilot labour enchiridion and steerage booklet 2011/12 foliate 3 The Professional understand enchiridion and Guidance cusp 2011/12 varlet 4 The Professional Project CONTENTS PAGE Page department 1 admission 7 sectionalisation 2 office A of Project 10 office 3 department B of Project 11 SECTION 4 R eflective recital 12 SECTION 5 create verb on the wholey frameation initialise 13 SECTION 6 Reference Specifications and set 18 SECTION 7 Project Submission In nervous straination 20 accessory A type Title rapsc solelyion 3 APPENDIX B Specimen Declarations Page 22 APPENDIX C Specimen Contents Page 24 APPENDIX D Ethics in enquiry & Consultancy (Guidelines & Procedures for Students Undertaking UG Projects) 25 vade mecum and Guidance tract 2011/12 Page 5 The Professional Project Handbook and Guidance Booklet 2011/12 Page 6 The Professional Project SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION Module Background In playation The Professional Project is a 30 point faculty which go out be dribblen by all drive entry closing year scholarly persons to an under potassium alum programme of study at NBS.It guesss for 25% of the tick offs on the closing year of the Ho noners degree and its grandeur should non be underestimated. The module provides an luck to explore the key study compet ences required to achieve academic achievement and develop these into employment competences to promote move success. These competences leave behind be certain, practise and create verbally up as part of the Project and employ to an probe of a business issue/problem. To prevail this individual investigating into an applied business problem or issue the student allow be abandoned a defined event to inquiry and germane(predicate) entropy relating to the topic.The schooling allow for be destine in the con school textual matter of an attach academic frame lick and the student exit be judge to recall relevant conclusions, spell up and deposit the sprain in an ratified seduceat. The target distance of the whole examine get out be 8,000 to 10,000 wrangle. A take a crapshop programme and eLearning Portal will deport the process. Learning Outcomes This module is intend to be taken by direct entry final year students to an undergraduate programme of study at NBS. At the end of the module students will be able to 1.Apply key intellectual competences at train six and critically appraise their employment competences to support continuing nonrecreational/career development 2. Conduct a publications re tantrum involving the critical evaluation of fascinate theories, models, frame scarpers and principles and support those principles to a special(prenominal) business problem or issue make believeing assign inferences and conclusions. Aims The Professional Project promotes the development of key competences required to achieve academic and passkey career success.These competences will be developed, practised, written up and applied to an investigation of a business issue/problem. The student will be support in their attainment by an eLearning Portal and a clipshop programme. The student will be given guidance as to the nature of lend to be undertaken in the whole workshop programme. The module will make single-valued function of current look into activity related to the elect sketch and, where appropriate, to that specializedally carried out by staff of Newcastle Business School.Formative estimate will take put up within the contact sessions and whitethorn take clothe through tasks set and theory/practice related discussions including Handbook and Guidance Booklet 2011/12 Page 7 The Professional Project investigate into career paths. Approaches to Teaching and Learning and Formative Assessment The module is intended to deliver knowledge of and attendance to the competences and abilities for effective study at level six together with entry to and participation within the graduate bemuse market.It provides an opportunity to undertake a major character of academic research into a item business related problem. The module necessitates a extensive syllabus where much use will be make of say study supported by the facilities of the Careers Service, find out Skills Centre and Library. This approach will facilitate the development of students as independent learners. The creation of Learning Sets will be encouraged to facilitate understanding of the issues and problems associated with the completion of the bewilder. The process prima(p) to the completion of the intercommunicate will embarrass reading, verbal expression and research.This will be incorporated into the workshop programme which will support the student throughout the process. It is intended that the expulsion will be closely allied to their preferent field of employment. Through the project and workshop activities it is envisaged that students will appreciate the importance of active engagement in competences and career development to improve NBS graduate success in securing appropriate careers or future study opportunities The module is supported by a Learning and Teaching Plan that outlines the pro sortinga sessions and by an elearning Portal.The assessment for this module will be an individual project, incorporating the constitution up of the students understanding of psycheal and professional competence development and an investigation into an applied business problem or issue. The student will be given a defined topic to research and relevant information relating to the topic. The information will be set in the context of an appropriate academic framework and the student will be expected to draw relevant conclusions, write up and submit the work in an ratified format. The target length of the whole project will be 8,000 to 10,000 words.The learning outcomes will be achieved through the lecture/workshop programme and will culminate in the completion of the final project. The project will submit the students understanding of the above learning outcomes. Formative assessment will take place within the workshop sessions and whitethorn take place through tasks set and theory/practice related discussions. Workshop Support political program This is a taught programme with weekly workshops during the for the first time semester followed by six workshops in the second semester. The Project will non be individually supervised. sort of the students will be expected to work in learning sets.However, it essential be noned that the final project is to be an individual piece of work. Handbook and Guidance Booklet 2011/12 Page 8 The Professional Project Recommended Reading identify for Module Cottrell, S (2008) The Study Skills Handbook 3rd Edn Palgrave MacMillan Basingstoke Armstrong (2005) A Handbook for Leadership and Management a be book to managing for results. Kogan London Toplis, J. Dulewicz, V. and Fletcher, W. (2005) Psychological Testing a Managers choke. CIPD London Cameron (2007) The Business Students Handbook learning skills for study and employment ( usable as an e-book) Bolles, RN (2008) What colour is your plunk?A practical manual for business line hunters. Ten Speed publication Walliman, N (2001) Your Research Project shrewd Publication s Bell, J (2005) Doing your research project Open University Press Cottrell, S. (2008) scathing Thinking Skills Palgrave Basingstoke Jankowicz,A. D (2005) Business Research Projects Thompson Business Press Remenyi,D, Williams,B, Money,A & Swatz,E (2007) Doing Research in Business and Management Sage Publications Bryman,A & Bell E (2003) Business Research Methods Oxford University Press Price, G. & Maier, P. (2007) Effective Study skills unlock your potential. Pearson Education McMillan, K. Weyers, J. (2009) The Smarter Student Prentice Hall / Pearson London McMillan, K. & Weyers, J. (2007) How to write dissertations & project reports Prentice Hall/ Pearson London Additional Learning Re artificial lakes (e. g. web situations, CD Roms) Blackboard Site The module is supported by the e-learning portal. It is imperative that the site is fully utilised by the students. Certain links to psychological tests are functional under the site which will be apply to support the learning proces s. eLearning platform at Northumbria http//elearning. unn. ac. uk/ Handbook and Guidance Booklet 2011/12 Page 9The Professional Project SECTION 2 SECTION A OF THE PROJECT The Project is intended to link personal and professional career development with an academic piece of work in the form of a belles-lettres review. The appreciation of professional, career and personal development should not be underestimated. It should provide evidence to support that development with critical fabricisation by the student. A series of psychometric tests are available via blackboard to support your self-analysis. The outline of Section A of the project should take the form seen below with supporting evidence shown in the appendices. dower 1 Who I am as a learner? Implications for your learning Family & friends to comment prove the implications of the examinationnaire findings and show how these relate to how you learn. addendum A VARK, Myers Briggs, Belbin Inventory start up 2 Implicatio ns for career woof Lifelong learning Transferable skills Justify chosen career choice Discuss how your personality type and how you learn need your choice of career cecal appendage B curriculum vitae, two job adverts, a standard application form attachment C PowerPoint Presentation Handbook and Guidance Booklet 2011/12Page 10 The Professional Project SECTION 3 TOPIC SELECTION (SECTION B) General topic areas will be defined by the nature of the programme e. g. , those students studying finance would be expected to focus their topic on this area. However, the endurance of a final sui disconcert interrogate or issue for Section B of the Project rests with the student. In some cases ideas can be gleaned from many a(prenominal) sources. Work placement experiences, aspired career paths, double-decker research interests, course work and readings are just a few. Copies of recent projects whitethorn suggest ideas as well.Normally projects that are available for charge fork o ver achieved a mark of 60% or more. It is intended that suitable projects will be make available on the Blackboard site. Originality The caput or issue engage to be related to business or management or to the specific call forthd degree the student is studying. It is the students responsibility to verify that the human action and the approach of the project are original. However, a student whitethorn not claim single(a) declines to a topic area. Guidelines for Suitable Questions The student can assume that the question as initially conceived will evolve as the project progresses.By evolve it is meant that the particular aspect of the question which vexs centred to the project may well change in one direction or some other as the project progresses. This evolution or fine tuning of a question is quite usual and should be expected. The goal is to find a question which is general enough to be significant, but specific enough to become focused. In any event, the final title as established should not be changed without consent of the Project Supervisor. Handbook and Guidance Booklet 2011/12 Page 11 The Professional Project SECTION 4 meditative STATEMENTA vital element of the project is critical reflection by the student. It is all- heavy(prenominal) therefore to produce a reflective disceptation which will link the two sections of the project together. This is a very important area of the project and should be a considered and well thought out element of the final piece of work. The workshops will provide guidance and support on critical reflection as part of the programme. Handbook and Guidance Booklet 2011/12 Page 12 The Professional Project SECTION 5 WRITTEN PRESENTATION FORMAT Length The total length of the project should not exceed 10,000 words.As a general guide Section A of the project should be between 3,000 and 4,000 words succession Section B of the project should be between 5,000 and 6,000 words. The word count is to be declared (Append ix B). Summarising and compressing the information in your project into 10,000 words is one of the skills that students are expected to acquire, and demonstrate as part of the project process. The word count does not include abstract, title rapscallionboy, contents page, glossary, tables, appendices and end hearty. If the project is to be very much shorter (i. e. ess than 8,000 words), it is necessary to acquit this in advance of the final deadline with your tutor. Some slippage is delightful but anything in tautological of 11,000 words will be penalised. Referencing It is the students responsibility to see to it that all ideas, opinions, conclusions, specific wordings, quotations, abstract structures and selective information taken directly or indirectly from the work of others and used in the project are appropriately cited and write. (THE IMPORTANCE OF halal REFERENCING SEE SECTION 7 CANNOT BE OVER EMPHASISED). Structure and Components get across OF CONTENTS Title page Declaration and boy computation bunco (to cover both sections) Acknowledgements Contents Page List of figures Glossary (if appropriate) Section A Part 1 Who I am as a learner? Implications for your learning Family & friends to comment Part 2 Implications for career choice Lifelong learning Transferable skills Handbook and Guidance Booklet 2011/12 Page 13 The Professional Project Justify chosen career choice Appendix A VARK, Myers Briggs, Belbin Inventory Appendix B political platform vitae, two job adverts, a standard application form Appendix C PowerPoint Presentation Section BPart 1 cornerstone Reason for choice of topic Academic objectives of Project trace of sections Part 2 move the Scene (if required) Part 3 Literature appraise Rationale for literature reviewed Critical review of literature relating to academic objectives Part 4 References Bibliography Appendices A B C Reflective Statement refinement Page o o It is useful to specify the delay page so that the re ader may ensure that no pages stomach been omitted in error. Summary and Conclusions Title The title should be succinct yet clear specify the content of the report. This should be descriptive and explicit rather than poetic or implicit.Twelve words is ordinarily the maximum length. It should be agree and finalised as part of the final draft. It may be different from the original proposed title. Acknowledgements The student may esteem to thank those people who wealthy person been particularly helpful in the preparation of the project. Consideration of persons senselessneous to the NBS is particularly appropriate. tongue-in-cheek acknowledgements are not acceptable. Abstract The declare oneself of the abstract is to summarise the total project, including a description of the problem, the students contributions, and conclusions.Four keywords are required. (See assay Appendix C. ) Handbook and Guidance Booklet 2011/12 Page 14 The Professional Project Declarations and Word Count To be included (See sample Appendix B). Do not forget to sign. No signature No Mark. Introduction The get of this section is to contextualise the study. This means that the significance or importance of the subject is set out. If there is no apparent importance to the study to any external reader, the topic may not be appropriate. Personal interest may inspire selection of the project topic, but ultimately, its mportance to others should be specified. This can a good deal be through with(p) by siteing the project in congeneric to other work that has been published, either as an advancement, continuation, compilation or verification. This part should also tell the reader how the topic will be unfolded and the tramp of forthcoming material. Literature Review A review of the current literature surrounding the question or issue should provide a clear understanding. It should be up-to- check and relevant. Conclusion This section explains the relationship between the clay of knowledge and the question.It should present the case for the projects success in meeting its goals, as well as any shortcomings and limitations that apply. It may suggest further work or study needed on the question or issue, as well as ways the new work can be used or applied in other cases. It is not meant to be a summary or re report of the entire project, which belongs in the abstract. If the student has developed any strong personal opinions about the subject which seem appropriate to relate, this is the place where such content is appropriate.Appendices Often the concepts of the study can be clarified in graphic form, or data presented in tabular form. Normally, this material should be entered into the text at or near the place it is referred to in the text. Where such material would be inconvenient to include in the text itself, it can be included in an appendix. As a general rule, if figures, tables, charts or quotes are less than a full page and can be conveniently i ncluded in the text, you will exigency to do so, since reference to appendices is awkward for the reader. all in all such material, in the text or at the end, should be titled and sequentially numbered. Tabular material which is presented in landscape format should be indentured with the top of the table to the spine. Appendices are labelled alphabetically, although if there is teensy such material and it is all of a similar nature, it may all be included in one Appendix. Appendices are referenced in text in parentheses (Appendix A) not (see appendix A). Writing Style The level of writing essential be appropriate to the level of the Bachelors degree.Specifically, acute attention should be paid to separate spell, grammar, punctuation, sentence structure and clarity of style. Also, it is the students responsibility to edit the text for typewrite errors, uncover all spelling errors even if the document is, typed by other party. Note that a spell-check programme does not uncover all spelling errors, e. g. principal v principle. Normally, there should be no first person references (I, we, us) in Section B of the project. If self-reference is required, reference may be make to the present author Handbook and Guidance Booklet 2011/12 Page 15The Professional Project or this study. The exception to this is in the conclusion section B and Section A, where personal comments may be appropriate. Students from overseas who wish to develop their English style and grammar may wish to make use of the Study Skills Centre. Page Layout Pages should be numbered in term at the top right hand corner, starting with and including the title page (Appendix A). Margins and headings the specifications are 1? left margin, 1? on the other troika sides. The page number should be above the top margin line.The right margin should be unjustified (left ragged), since the spacing between words used to make the right margin even inhibits readability greatly, while adding little aesthet ically. Headers and footers are to be used with discretion. Please do NOT include your name in any header or footer. Tables and charts should be numbered in sequence by chapter, e. g. Table 3. 1 is the first table in Chapter 3. Each figure should be properly referenced and accompanied by a descriptive title which removely explains the contents of the figure.It is not acceptable to insert photocopies of tables into the body of the project. Tables should be word processed into the project. In all-encompassing terms this principle also applies to diagrams no photocopies from books etc. There will, of course, be occasions when a photocopy of a table or a diagram is specifically required in order to illustrate points fishy to the original. Use of such photocopies moldiness be cleared with the supervisor. Similar principles apply to the appendices with regard to tables and diagrams. It is recognised that there will be good deal (e. . a project on advertising) where photocopies are ne cessary. The project must be word-processed, and final copy must be bulls eyeed single sided on A4 paper. Spacing may either be set at double or one and a half line spacing, depending on the machine used. Spacing great than double spacing is not acceptable. The body of the project should be in Font size 12 (This is written Font Size 12) or similar. Arial is the preferred font face. Legibility Both the draft and final copies of the project must be produced in such a manner that the text is entirely legible.This means an image suitable for good reproduction from a photocopier. Colour Printing Handbook and Guidance Booklet 2011/12 Page 16 The Professional Project Black publish is the norm. Colour printing process must be used with discretion. There are no extra label for colour. The University makes no guarantee as to the provision of colour printing facilities. Retention of Working Papers The work documents (e. g. steps, any photocopies of articles used, drafts etc) used for y our project MUST be retained by the student until formally notified of the apportion of their degree.As part of the NBS quality control a stratified sample of students will be asked by letter (after projects have been handed in) to submit their working papers. Please ensure you custody you working papers so that if called for they can be produced. The University tries to be reasonable over this. We do not expect you to keep every scrap of paper. We do expect you to keep the bulk of the important working papers. Thus students would normally (for example) be expected to include in their working papers some (but not inescapably all) successive drafts of the project.Any photocopies of library material etc you use should also be kept. Working Papers MUST be accessible. i. e. DO NOT constrict them away in some inaccessible place such as luggage you are shipping home. If your project includes calculations, the working papers for those would be expected. And if your project includes a s urvey or questionnaire the original papers for those should be kept along with names and pass overes of any firms or individuals involved. Keep all computer ground material in digital format, CD, etc. payoff of working papers includes existence able to produce the discs. Do not keep material on the hard drive.Failure to produce working papers when requested by the University to do so constitutes an Academic Irregularity, which may adversely affect the awarding of the students degree. If it is not possible to establish, by inspection of the working papers, the sources of material in the project the award of the degree will be delayed until the matter is resolved. Handbook and Guidance Booklet 2011/12 Page 17 The Professional Project SECTION 6 grapheme SPECIFICATIONS AND FORMAT plagiarisation and Citation The intellectual work of others which is being summarised in the report must be attributed to its source.It is assumed that all ideas, opinions, conclusions, specific wording s, quotations, conceptual structures and data, whether reproduced exactly or in paraphrase, which are not referenced to another source is the work of the student. If this is not the case, an act of plagiarism may have occurred, which is cause for disciplinary action at the course or University level. Plagiarism Please pay particular attention to originality and the proper acknowledgement of your sources.It is important that the work you submit Is original in as far as the Project constraints allow Gives proper acknowledgement to any work by others which is used in completing your project Originality means that the project subject is presented in a way which differs from any other Published works Study guides Projects/Projects of other students, historical or present This does not counter the use of the same material from wider reading (to support it with examples, or relevant opinions and ideas, or to place it within the context of existing knowledge).In fact, character refe rence is specifically given for references in the assessment scheme. It does mean, however, that the sources of any such material MUST be identified. You should ensure that Words or phrases taken word for word from published works are placed in quotation marks and the source acknowledged. Quotations take the form of brief relevant extracts (only exceptionally surpass 100 words in length). Where lengthier use of a published work is appropriate, you may summarise or paraphrase an authors words, but the source of the summary or paraphrase must a do be fully acknowledged by textual reference.Unacknowledged use of the work of others (plagiarism) is regarded as dishonest practice and will be dealt with on that basis, as per the Universitys Regulations. Format in Text The format for reference styles is rigid out in the Northumbria University Library publication Cite Them Right and is available on the UNN Website. Two styles of Handbook and Guidance Booklet 2011/12 Page 18 The Profess ional Project referencing are defined, the British Standard (Numeric) ashes and the Harvard System. Please use the Harvard System for your project.A comprehensive discussion on referencing is laid out in the librarys publication, which must be followed in detail. The pursuit is a brief sample for illustration only The Harvard (Name/Date) System uses name and year in text, e. g. According to Steinman (2003) there are trine separate or A recent study (Steinman 2003) states there are three parts Direct quotes should have author, year and page number. This should be done as (Steinman, 20036) or Steinman (20036). If a quote crosses over pages you would write (Steinman, 20036-7).The purpose of the page reference is to enable the reader to find easily your source material. Particular points should also have page references whereas general themes from a complete article do not require the precise page number. Format in References Section The Harvard (Name/Date) System is listed at the e nd of the text in alphabetical order by author and date, e. g. Lafferty, B. A and Hult, M. T. (2001) A synthesis of Contemporary Market Orientation Perspectives, European Journal of Marketing. Vol. 35no. 12pp. 2-109 Full specifications and examples are illustrated in the librarys monograph. Referencing Electronic sources e. g. from the World capacious Web should be as follows PC MAGAZINE. URL http//www. ziff. com/ PC cartridge/(date of downloading/viewing) (Name, Date (of article), Title) (i. e. as well as any date given over to a document on the web, electronic references should also include the date on which the web was read for the particular source). The citation for non English works should follow the same order as English works. For books author, date, title of book, publisher.For articles author, date, title of article, title of journal, volume and page numbers. Further details for other electronic referencing are in the Librarys monograph Cite them Right Handbook and Gui dance Booklet 2011/12 Page 19 The Professional Project SECTION 7 PROJECT SUBMISSION INFORMATION Projects are to be submitted to SHAPE UNN authorisation (room 309C) by no later than 4. 00 PM Friday 23rd March 2012. You must NOT exceed the deadlines given without an approved PEC. In exceptional circumstances late submission of the Project, up to a maximum of 2 weeks, may be sought.These must be approved in advance, with appropriate evidence, and are not meant to cover administrative difficulties. INCLUSION OF A DISK imitation OF THE PROJECT THREE CDs containing a complete copy of the body of the Project (appendices may be omitted as may diagrams within the body of the Project) is to be submitted along with the Project. The title page of the Project must be the first page on the disk. Non submission of a disk, or submission of a corrupt or blank disk will be regarded as an Academic Irregularity.Computer programmes are available which detect changes in grammar and style. The Univers ity uses such programmes as an aid in detecting plagiarism. Evidence from such programmes will be used in any disciplinary action taken by the University in cases of alleged plagiarism. Confidentiality This is regarded as an exceptional procedure and this must be agreed by the Tutor who must be asked to the confidentiality form available on the blackboard site and declared by the student to receipt on submission. The confidential Project will be pulped.If the confidentiality form is not submitted at hand in the Project will be regarded as non-confidential. It would be prudent to also state that the Project is confidential in footer on each page of the Project. Binding Requirements for Undergraduate Projects All Projects are bound in standard Business School covers. Students are required to submit TWO copies of the completed project. Newcastle Campus Projects submitted at Newcastle campus are submitted bound in standard Business School format. Handbook and Guidance Booklet 2011/12 Page 20 The Professional ProjectPlease note the Declarations statement must be signed and all pages in the lay order before taking the copies of the Project for binding. The procedure is Pick up binding materials from SHAPE UNN office. Take the binded copies and CDs along to SHAPE UNN office by no later than 4. 00 pm on or before your hand in date with your Disc. Sign on the submission log tag at the Reception to signify you had submitted the Project on time. Failed Projects A failed Project may or may not, depending upon the students overall performance, be re-submitted.That decision is made by the trial Board. If a students performance merits a re-submitted Project harmonize to the assessment regulations such that it would enable a student to improve upon the folk of degree awarded the University (i. e. Examination Board) will invite the student to re-submit their Project. The student may accept or reject this provide. The Examination Board may direct that a new and unrel ated topic be investigated. Any student whose Project falls into this category is so advised via the standard University Examination results letter sent at the end of the summer term.That letter will state whether re-submission is invited or not. Re-submitted Projects are submitted following the same process as described for first submission. The fees payable will be notified to students in their offer to retrieve and students should note that they will need to pay for the binding of this resubmission. lapse is limited to one 20 minute meeting with the original tutor who will review the problems with the original submission. Mark Disclosure It is impossible for the prospective mark which a Project might achieve to be accurately estimated before a Project is formally pronounced.Every Project is marked and a sample is moderated. Some are marked a third (or more) time(s) either by External or Internal Examiners. The mark machine-accessible to a Project is a result of this process. It is therefore simply not possible for a tutor to give a definitive view as to exactly what standard a Project might reach. This does not, of course, anticipate a tutor giving general guidance as to the aegir of the students work, but such guidance should be given and taken with imputable consideration to the above and can not be considered a binding assurance .Students will receive a copy of the completed assessment sheet following the conclusion of the examination boards. Handbook and Guidance Booklet 2011/12 Page 21 The Professional Project APPENDIX A Proforma Note This information must fit within the outline shown so that it will be visible through the window in the front line cover. Please ensure your family name is in BLOCK CAPITALS NAME This is the position of the window in the front cover sheet Thomas JONES BA (Hons) Business Administration Helen Smith The Ethics of Advertising April 2009 NewcastleDEGREE instill TITLE DATE O CAMPUS STUDENT No 00/123456 Project submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the BA (HONS) BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION of Northumbria University Handbook and Guidance Booklet 2011/12 Page 22 The Professional Project Appendix B DECLARATIONS I declare the following(1) that the material contained in this Project is the end result of my own work and that due acknowledgement has been given in the bibliography and references to ALL sources be they printed, electronic or personal. (2) the Word Count of this Project is Section A .Section B .. Reflective Statement . Total Word Count .. (3) that unless this Project has been confirmed as confidential, I agree to an entire electronic copy or sections of the Project to being placed on Blackboard, if deemed appropriate, to allow future students the opportunity to see examples of past Projects. I understand that if displayed on Blackboard it would be made available for no longer than five years and that students would be able to print off copies or download. The authorship would re main anonymous. 4) I agree to my Project being submitted to a plagiarism detection helper, where it will be stored in a database and compared a realisest work submitted from this or any other School or from other institutions using the service. In the event of the service detecting a high degree of similarity between content within the service this will be reported back to my supervisor and second marker, who may decide to undertake further investigation which may ultimately racetrack to disciplinary actions, should instances of plagiarism be detected. 5) I have read the University polity Statement on Ethics in Research and Consultancy and the Policy for sure Consent in Research and Consultancy and I declare that ethical issues have been considered and taken into account in this research. SIGNED 1 . DATE . 1 Handbook and Guidance Booklet 2011/12 Please remember to sign the declaration before submitting your Project. Page 23 The Professional ProjectAppendix C TABLE OF CONTENTS T itle page Declaration and Word Count Abstract (to cover both sections) Acknowledgements Contents Page List of figures Glossary (if appropriate) Section A Part 1 Who I am as a learner? Implications for your learning Family & friends to comment Part 2 Implications for career choice Lifelong learning Transferable skills Justify chosen career choice Appendix A VARK, Myers Briggs, Belbin Inventory Appendix B Curriculum vitae, two job adverts, a standard application form Appendix C PowerPoint Presentation Section B Part 1 IntroductionReason for choice of topic Academic objectives of the Project Outline of each part Part 2 Part 3 Setting the Scene if required Literature Review Rationale for literature reviewed Critical review of literature relating to academic objectives Part 4 References Bibliography Appendices Reflective statement Last Page o o It is useful to specify the last page so that the reader may ensure that no pages have been omitted in error. Handbook and Guidance Booklet 2011/12 Page 24 Summary and Conclusions The Professional ProjectAppendix D Ethics in Research The Northumbria University policy for ethics in research is to be found on the NBS Research Group Blackboard site. Checklist for NBS Students designing and conducting primary research Completely based on secondary data which has previously been published, is desk based and does not involve people in data collection? NO Does your research involve engagement with people in primary data collection? e. g. interview, focus group, questionnaire etc. YES YES There are not normally ethical issues to address.However you should remain ethically aware. Please ensure that you have not breached plagiarism or copyright regulations and have adequately referenced your material Handbook and Guidance Booklet 2011/12 You should not involve children or vulnerable adults in your research (other than authorised exceptions with CRB checks) If researching in an NHS context, revel discuss ethical approval with a representative from your workplace and gain advice from your supervisor/School Ethics Sub Committee before movement Read the policy on informed consent http//northumbria. c. uk/ tranquil/worddocuments/informe dconsent and gain consent from the organisation and people involved. Use implied, verbal or written consent and complete, where appropriate, an informed consent form (available on Blackboard) Read guidelines and address anonymity/confidentiality in research design and writing up http//northumbria. ac. uk/static/worddocuments/ethicsp olicy. doc Read guidelines on data protection http//northumbria. ac. uk/sd/central/uso/ndp/nudpp view that you have NOT used inducements to obtain participants Page 25

America’s Foundation

The fall in States Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson was a contr all oversy that was used on July 4, 1776 by the Continental Congress to decl atomic number 18 the freedom of thirteen the Statesn colonies from Britain. It entailed in tell the following political liberty of every person as bring home the bacond by natural law, obligation of revolution. By this, it implied that all Americans were entitled to equal rights and in cases where these rights were breached, anyone was entitled to revolt against the aggressor.Another part of the declaration was a list of charges against king George who was seen as having dishonored the rights of colonialist whence was seen as unfit to govern. Lastly, the declaration stipulated conditions on a lower floor which people could change their authorities and Britain situation offered a perfect example. Hence it called on to all colonies to drop off British Cr profess and claim their independence (Library of Congress, 1861, 865). The name of league The article of alliance was the first governing institution of America.The article want to unite several States in America that were initially sovereign under the British regime. It was made in drafts with the last draft made in 1977 and adopted by Continental Congress on November 15, 1977. The article stipulated the rules and canon to govern the new found coupled States confederation. Hence with the Article, United States was surefooted of making wars and settling inter submits dispute diplomatically. Furthermore, United States was able to resolve issues concerning westward territories.The articles were created with a view of providing freedom, Sovereignty and independence of America. With time, it was found that these articles were unable to provide sufficient provisions that would govern the country effectively hence a need for a detailed constitution that would replace the Confederation with the Federal. This coat way for the defining of a constitution in 1788 (Jensen, 1970, p 109). The constitution The constitution is the ongoing governing body of law in United States of America.It is the supreme law of United States and is the source of legal authority fundamental to the existence of America and all its administrative and judicial bodies within it. It defines trinitysome arms of the presidency the legislative led by Congress, an executive single out led by the President and judicial branch led by Supreme Court. In its description, it stipulates each branch office staffs that helps eliminate conflict of exponent during implementation. In addition, it established the federal system of government that gave individual states various(a) rights.It was adopted on September 17, 1789 and has so far undergone twenty seven-spot amendments (Hickey, 1853, 483) Comparison and Contrast mingled with Articles of Confederation, Constitution and Declaration of Independence. There are various similarities and differences in the Declaration, Articles of Confederation and the Constitution. In comparison, all the to a higher place three documents sought to provide the reign and independence of United States of America. They stipulated that US was a sovereign state that was capable of making laws, negotiating diplomatic relations and context of use up its own army.America, on that pointfore, was free to care and govern itself under its own laws without any external interference. All three document emphasized on basic human right. This was stipulated through the provision for freedom of movement and prospect in the constitution and the Article of Confederation. Equality and sovereignty of each state was also equally stipulated in three documents. Above all, the document stipulated the rules and ordination that would hence fourth govern United States of America.Breach of which would lead to prosecution and there after a punishment. Similarity among the documents can also be seen in their way of forma tion where by representatives from various states were chosen to draft them and later on sign on the document to authenticate them. In this sense, all the above three document are similar. Contrasts Among the notable differences are in levying taxes. In Articles of Confederation, Congress could only request various states to pay taxes but looking for into the constitution, Congress has the right to levy taxes on individuals.On the Executive side, the Constitution provides the chairwoman with powers to choose cabinet members and has power to check on the powers of judiciary and law-makers, however, the article provided the president with no executive powers and his role was only to preside over the Congress. On amending the constitution, two thirds of both houses of congress and three quarter of senate legislature are needed to amend the constitution under the provision of the current constitution compared to thirteen out of thirteen as provided by the Article.With the Article, it recommended that sovereignty remained within States however the constitution states that it is the supreme law of the land hence sovereignty applies within the range of constitution. Regarding trade, Article provided no control of trade within states and no regulation what so ever was done between interstate trades. This implied that there was free movement of goods and services within states without government interference. However, constitution provides for regulation of trades between states and the power is bestowed to the Congress which oversees all these regulations.In formation of an army to provide military support, Article of Confederation awarded no right to the congress to draft troops that would participate in war. Hence, they had to rely on military contribution by various states. In the Constitution, Congress has the power to raise an army that would deal with any military emergency in the country. In conclusion, it can be asserted that without these three documents i n US history, the legality of United States of America could be at stake and therefore, it would claim become difficult to govern all the states under one government.References Faber H. , Faber, Doris. (1987). We the populate The Story of the United States Constitution since 1787. New York Scribners. Hickey, W. (1853). The Constitution of the United States of America With an Alphabetical Analysis the Declaration of Independence Electoral Votes for All the Presidents and Vice-presidents the juicy Authorities and Civil Officers of Government from March 4, 1789, to March 3. T. K. & P. G. Collins . pp 483. Jensen M. (1970).The Articles of Confederation An Interpretation of the Social-constitutional History of the American Revolution 1774-1781. University of Wisconsin Press. Library of Congress (1861). catalog of the Library of Congress. Oxford University. Pp 865. Suksi M. (1993). Bringing in the People A Comparison of positive Forms and Practices of the Referendum. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. US History. Articles of Confederation Vs the Constitution. http//home. earthlink. net/gfeldmeth/chart. art Accessed on February 26, 2009.

Himachal Predesh

Himachal Pradesh (Hindi matl prde ( listen)) is a assign in Northern India. It is spread alwaysyplace 21,495 sq mi (55,670 km2),3 and is bordered by Jammu and Kashmir on the north, Punjab on the watt and south-west, Haryana and Uttarakhand on the south-east and by the Tibet Autonomous Region on the east.Himachal Pradesh is famous for its considerable natural beauty.4 by and by the struggle surrounded by Nepal and Britain, as tumesce known as the Anglo-Gorkha War (18141816), the British colonial government came into power. In 1950 Himachal was decl atomic number 18d a union territory, but after the r resi due(p)er of Himachal Pradesh Act 1971, Himachal emerged as the eighteenth evoke of the Republic of India. Hima means snow in Sanskrit, and the literal convey of the introduces name is In the lap of Himalayas. It was named by Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma, angiotensin-converting enzyme of the great Sanskrit scholars of Himachal Pradesh.The economy of Himachal Pradesh is currently the third fastest growing economy in India.citation needed Himachal Pradesh has been stratified fourth in the list of the highest per capita incomes of Indian put ups. The abundance of ever-living rivers enables Himachal to shift hydroelectric automobileity to opposite recites frequently(prenominal) as Delhi, Punjab and Rajasthan. The economy of the take is highly helpless on cardinal man-made lakes hydroelectric power, tourism and agriculture.Himachal Pradesh is the least urbanized express in India with nearly 90% of creation living in agrestic sweep, but the Shimla partition is comparatively urbanized with nearly 25% world living in an urban argona. According to a 2005 Transp arency inter bailiwick survey, Himachal Pradesh is ranked the second-least corrupt state in the downed estate after Kerala.Contents1 tale 2 Geography and climate 3 Flora and fauna 4 Subdivisions 5 regimen 5.1 principal(prenominal) rectors of Himachal Pradesh 6 Agriculture 7 deliverance 8 heritage 9 Transport 10 Demographics 10.1 Languages 11 burnish 11.1 Food 11.2 Famous people 12 Education 12.1 Universities and colleges 13 Media and parley 14 State profile 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 External linksHistory primary(prenominal) hold History of Himachal PradeshThe recital of the area that now shows Himachal Pradesh dates back to the time when the Indus v eitherey civilisation flourished between 2250 and 1750 BCE.7 Tribes such as the Koilis, Halis, Dagis, Dhaugris, Dasa, Khasas, Kinnars and Kirats inhabited the region from pre-historic era. During the Vedic period, several elfin republics known as Janapada existed which were later conquered by the Gupta Empire. subsequently a apprize period of supremacy by King Harshavardhana, the region was once again divided into several local powers headed by chieftains, including some Rajput principalities.These kingdoms enjoyed a swelled degree of independence and were invaded by Delhi Sultan ate a public figure of times. Mahmud Ghaznavi conquered Kangra at the ascendent of the 10th century. Timur and Sikander Lodi also marched through the lower hummocks of the state and captured a number of forts and fought manybattles. Several hill states acknowledged Mughal suzerainty and paid regular subvention to the Mughals. Sansar Chand (c.17651823)The Gurkhas, a martial tribe, came to power in Nepal in the year 1768. They fused their military power and began to expand their territory. Gradually the Gorkhas annexed Sirmour and Shimla. With the leadership of Amar Singh Thapa, Gorkhas laid siege to Kangra. They managed to defeat Sansar Chand Katoch, the ruler of Kangra, in 1806 with the help of many provincial chiefs. that Gorkhas could non capture Kangra fort which came under Maharaja Ranjeet Singh in 1809. After the defeat the Gorkhas began to expand towards the south of the state.However, Raja Ram Singh, Raja of Siba State managed to capture the fort of Siba from the remn ants of Lahore Darbar in Samvat 1846, during the First Anglo-Sikh War. They came into direct conflict with the British along the tarai belt after which the British expelled them from the provinces of the Satluj. The British gradually emerged as the paramount power. In the revolt of 1857, or commencement Indian war of independence, arising from a number of grievances against the British, the people of the hill states were not as politically active as were those in other(a) agencys of the country. They and their rulers, with the exception of Bushahr, remained to a greater extent or less inactive. virtually, including the rulers of Chamba, Bilaspur, Bhagal and Dhami, rendered help to the British government during the revolt. Rock pare Temple, MasroorThe British territories came under the British Crown after Queen Victorias resolve of 1858. The states of Chamba, Mandi and Bilaspur made good progress in many fields during the British rule.7 During World War I, virtually all rulers of the hill states remained loyal and contributed to the British war effort, both in the anatomy of men and materials. Among these were the states of Kangra, Jaswan, Datarpur, Guler, Nurpur, Chamba, Suket, Mandi and Bilaspur.After independence the old-timer Commissioners Province of H.P. came into being on 15 April 1948 as a declaration of integrating of 28 petty princely states (including feudatory princes and zaildars) in the promontories of the westbound Himalaya, known in full as the Simla Hills States & four Punjab southern hill States by issue of the Himachal Pradesh (Administration) Order, 1948 under Sections 3 & 4 of the Extra-Provincial Jurisdiction Act, 1947 (later renamed as the Foreign Jurisdiction Act, 1947 vide A.O. of 1950). The State of Bilaspur was merged in the Himachal Pradesh on 1 April 1954 by the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act, 1954. Himachal became a part C state on 26 January 1950 with the implementation of the Constitution of India and the Lt. Governor was nominate. Legislative fiction was elected in 1952.Himachal Pradesh became a Union Territory on 1 November 1956. Following area of Punjab State namely Simla, Kangra, Kulu and Lahul and Spiti Districts, Nalagarh tehsil of Ambala District, Lohara, Amb and Una kanungo hardenings, some area of Santokhgarh kanungo circle and some other specified area of Una tehsil of Hoshiarpur District besides some parts of Dhar Kalan Kanungo circle of Pathankot tehsil of Gurdaspur District were merged with Himachal Pradesh on 1 November 1966 on enactment of Punjab shake-up Act, 1966 by the Parliament. On 18 declination 1970, the State of Himachal Pradesh Act was passed by Parliament and the new state came into being on 25 January 1971. thence Himachal emerged as the eighteenth state of the Indian Union.Geography and climateMain bind Geography of Himachal Pradesh expose Gompa with Spiti River flowing behind. A summer view of Khajjiar. Climate Temperature citation needed Avg. Winter 7 C (45 F) Avg. Summer 28 C (82 F) Precipitation 1,469 mm (57.8 in) Asiatic Paradise Flycatcher in Kullu Himalyan Monal at Birds Park in ShimlaHimachal is situated in the western Himalayas. Covering an area of 55,673 kilometres (34,594 mi),3 it is a craggy state with elevation ranging from near 350 metres (1,148 ft) to 7,000 metres (22,966 ft) above the sea level.The drainage formation of Himachal is composed both of rivers and glaciers. Himalayan rivers criss-cross the entire mountain chain. Himachal Pradesh provides water to both the Indus and Ganges basins.10 The drainage forms of the region are the Chandra Bhaga or the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas, the Sutlej and the Yamuna. These rivers are perennial and are fed by snow and rainfall. They are protected by an extensive cover of natural vegetation. there is great variation in the climatic conditions of Himachal due to extreme variation in elevation. The climate varies from hot and sub-humid tropic in the southern trac ts to rimed, alpine and glacial in the northern and easterly mountain ranges with to a greater extent elevation.11 The state has areas like Dharamsala that receive very gravid rainfall, as well as those like Lahaul and Spiti that are cold and about rainless.Broadly, Himachal experiences three seasons Summer, Winter and rainy season. Summer lasts from mid April till the end of June and most parts become very hot (except in alpine zone which experiences a mild summer) with the average temperature ranging from 28 C (82 F) to 32 C (90 F). Winter lasts from late November till mid March. Snowfall is green in alpine tracts (generally above 2,200 metres (7,218 ft) i.e. in the Higher and Trans-Himalayan region). Flora and faunaMain article Protected areas of Himachal PradeshAccording to 2003 Forest Survey of India report, legally defined forest areas constitute 66.52% of the area of Himachal Pradesh, although area under tree cover is scarcely 25.78%.12 plant in the state is dictated by elevation and precipitation.The southern part of the state, at lower elevations than the north, has both tropical and subtropic dry broad-leafed forests and tropical and subtropical wet broadleaf forests.12 These are represented by northwestern thorn scrub forests along the border with Haryana and Uttar Pradesh and by top(prenominal) Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests in the far southeast. Sal and shisham are found here.Rising into the hills, we go a mosaic of western Himalayan broadleaf forests and Himalayan subtropical pine forests. Various deciduous and evergreen oaks live in the broadleaf forests, while Chir pine dominates the pine forests. Western Himalayan subalpine coniferous tree forests grow near treeline, with species that include East Himalayan Fir, West Himalayan Spruce, Deodar (State tree), and Blue pine.The uppermost elevations have western Himalayan alpine pubic h rail line and meadows in the northeast and northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows i n the northwest. Trees are sturdy with a vast cabbagework of roots. Alders, birches, rhododendrons and moist alpine shrubs are there as the regional vegetation. The rhododendrons can be seen along the hillsides around Shimla from March to May. The shrublands and meadows give way to rock and scum around the highest peaks.Himachal is also said to be the fruit bowl of the country with orchards scattered all over the place. Meadows and pastures are also seen clinging to steep slopes. After the winter season, the hillsides and orchards bloom with wild flowers, while gladiolas, carnations, marigolds,13 roses, chrysanthemums, tulips and lilies are carefully cultivated. The state government is gearing up to make Himachal Pradesh as the flower basketball hoop of the world.Himachal Pradesh has around 1200 bird and 359 animal species, including the leopard, snow leopard (State animal), ghoral, musk deer and Western Tragopan.citation needed It has 2 major interior(a) parks and sanctuaries the largest number in the Himalayan region. The gigantic Himalayan discipline Park in Kullu district was created to conserve the phytology and fauna of the main Himalayan range, while the Pin Valley National Park to conserve the flora and fauna of the cold desert. SubdivisionsMain article heed of districts of Himachal PradeshHimachal Pradesh is divided into 12 districts namely, Kangra, Hamirpur, Mandi, Bilaspur, Una, Chamba, Lahaul and Spiti, Sirmaur, Kinnaur, Kullu, Solan and Shimla. The state capital is Shimla which was formerly British Indias summer capital under the name Simla.A district of Himachal Pradesh is an administrative geographic unit, headed by a police lieutenant Commissioner or District Magist run, an officer be to the Indian Administrative Service. The district magist rate or the deputy commissioner is assisted by a number of officers starting to Himachal Administrative Service and other Himachal state services. Each district is subdivided into Sub-Divisions, governed by a sub-divisional magistrate, and again into Blocks. Blocks consists of panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities. A Superintendent of police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service is entrusted with the accountability of maintaining law and order and related issues of the district. He is assisted by the officers of the Himachal Police Service and other Himachal Police officials.GovernmentMain article Government of Himachal Pradesh Town dorm in Shimla.The Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh has no pre-Constitution history. The State itself is a post-Independence creation. It came into being as a centrally ad looked territory on 15 April 1948 from the integration of thirty erstwhile princely states.Himachal Pradesh is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy, a feature the state shares with other Indian states. normal suffrage is granted to residents. The legislature consists of elected members and redundant offi ce bearers such as the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker who are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speakers absence. The judiciary is composed of the Himachal Pradesh High Court and a system of lower courts. Executive authority is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the brain Minister, although the titular head of government is the Governor.The Governor is the head of state appointed by the President of India. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assemblyis appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly. The Assembly is unicameral with 68 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA).15 Terms of office run for 5 years, unless the Assembly is dissolved anterior to the completion of the term. Auxiliary authorities known a s panchayats, for which local form elections are regularly held, govern local affairs.Governments have seen alternates between Bharatiya Janata society (BJP) and Indian National Congress (INC), no third front ever has become significant. In 2003, the state legislative assembly was win by the Indian National Congress and Virbhadra Singh was elected as the chief minister of the state. In the assembly elections held in December 2007, the BJP secured a landslide victory. The BJP win 41 of the 68 seats while the Congress win altogether 23 of the 68 seats. BJPs Prem Kumar Dhumal was sworn in as Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh on 30 December 2007.In the assembly elections held in November 2012, the Congress secured an haughty majority.16 The Congress won 36 of the 68 seats while the BJP won only 26 of the 68 seats. Virbhadra Singh was sworn-in as Himachal Pradeshs Chief Minister for a record sixth term in Shimla on 25 December 2012. Virbhadra Singh who has held the top office in Himachal basketball team times in the past, was administered the malediction of office and secrecy by Governor Urmila Singh at an open notice at the historic Ridge Maidan in Shimla.17 Chief Ministers of Himachal PradeshYS+Parmar.jpg Thakur Ram Lal.jpg Virbhadra Singh HP.jpg Main article List of Chief Ministers of Himachal PradeshYashwant Singh Parmar Thakur Ram Lal Shanta Kumar Virbhadra Singh Prem Kumar Dhumal Virbhadra SinghAgriculture Himalayas from Kullu ValleyAgriculture contributes nearly 45% to the net state domestic product. It is the main source of income as well as employment in Himachal. About 93% of the state population depends at present upon agriculture.However, agriculture in the state suffers from certain limitations, especially in the payoff of food grains. One of these reasons is that the area under cultivation cant be broad to an appreciable extent. Also, reclamation of land on slopes is not economical and increases environmental degradation. The state can profit more than by cultivating cash crops as per the agro-climatic conditions.The main cereals vainglorious in the state are wheat, maize, rice and barleycorn. Kangra, Mandi and the Paonta valley of Sirmaur (to some extent) are the major producers of the startle three cereals, while barley is largely cultivated in Shimla.Though the state is deficient in food grains, it has gained a lot in other spheres of agriethnical production such as seed potato, ginger, vegetables, vegetable seeds, mushrooms, chicory seeds, hops, olives and fig. Seed potato is by and large grown in the Shimla, Kullu and Lahaul areas. Special efforts are being made to advertize cultivation of crops like olives, figs, hops, mushrooms, flowers, pistachio nuts, sarda melon and saffron.Fruit cultivation has also proved to be an economic boon. There are huge tracts of land suitable only for growing fruits. Fruit of all cultivation does not add to the problem of soil erosion and its employment potential is more t han conventional farming. The yield per acre in terms of income is also much high. orchard apple tree farming produces the maximum income. Fruit growing in the state is channel over INR300 crore annually.Land husbandry initiatives such as the Mid-Himalayan Watershed Development understand, which includes the Himachal Pradesh Reforestation Project (HPRP), the worlds largest clean development mechanism (CDM) undertaking, have meliorate agricultural yields and productivity, and raised rural household incomes.18 EconomyMain article Economy of Himachal Pradesh realise State Domestic Product at Current Prices figures in millions of Indian Rupees Year Gross State Domestic Product1980 7,940 1985 13,720 1990 28,150 1995 66,980 2000 135,900 2005 230,240 2007 254,350The era of planning in Himachal Pradesh started 1948 along with the rest of India. The first five-year plan allocated INR5.27 crore to Himachal. More than 50% of this intake was incurred on road construction since it was felt that without proper transport facilities, the figure out of planning and development could not be carried to the people, who mostly lived an isolated universe in far outside(a) areas. Himachal now ranks fourth in love of per capita income among the states of the Indian Union.Agriculture contributes over 45% to the net state domestic product. It is the main source of income and employment in Himachal. Over 93% of the population in Himachal depends directly upon agriculture which provides direct employment to 71% of its people. The main cereals grown are wheat, maize, rice and barley.Hydro Power is also one of the major source of income generation for the State.19 Identified Hydroelectric Potential for the state is 23,000.43 MW in five rivers basins20 i.e. (Yamuna, Satluj, Beas, Ravi and Chenab). HeritageHimachal has a rich heritage of handicrafts. These include woolen and pashmina shawls, carpets, silver and coat ware, embroidered chappals, grass shoes, Kangra and Gompa style pa intings, wood work, horse-hair bangles, wooden and metal utensils and various other house hold items. These aesthetic and enjoyful handicrafts declined under competition from utensil made goods and also because of lack of marketing facilities. But now the implore for handicrafts has increased within and outside the country.Himachal is extremely rich in hydro electric resources. The state has about 25% of the national potential in this respect. It has been estimated that about 20,300MW of hydro electric power can be generated in the State by constructing various major, medium, small and mini/micro hydel projects on the five river basins. The state is also the first state in India to achieve the goal of having a bank account for both family.citation needed As per the current prices, the broad(a) gross domestic product was estimated at INR25,435 crore as against INR23,024 crore in the year 200405, showing an increase of 10.5%.21 TransportMain article Transport in Himachal Pradesh Kalka-Shimla line lineAirState has three domestic airports in Shimla, Kullu and Kangra districts The air routes come to the state with Delhi and Chandigarh. Shimla Airport, which is around 21 km in west of city.Bhuntar Airport is in Kullu district around 10 km away from district headquarter. Gaggal Airport is in Kangra district which is aorund 10 km from Kangra and 23 km from Dharamsala.RailwayHimachal is famous for its narrow gauge tracks railways, one is UNESCO World Heritage Kalka-Shimla Railway and another one is PathankotJogindernagar. Total length of these two tracks is 259 km. Kalka-Shimla Railway track ispasses through lot of tunnels while PathankotJogindernagar gently meanders through a maze of hills and valleys. It also has standard gauge railway track which connect Amb (Una district) to Delhi. Survey is being conducted to extend this railway line to Kangra (via Nadaun). Another proposed railway tracks in state are Baddi-Bilaspur, Dharamsala-Palampur and Bilaspur-Manali- Leh.RoadRoads are the major climate of transport in the hilly terrains. The state has road network of 28,208 km (17,528 mi),22 including eight National Highways (NH) that constitute 1,234 km (767 mi) and 19 State Highways with total length of 1,625 km.22 Some roads get closed during winter and monsoon seasons due to snowfall and landslides. It is quite interesting that Hamirpur, has got the highest road density in the country.23 DemographicsTraditional hearth, Manali showPopulation outgrowth showLiteracy RateHimachal Pradesh has a total population of 6,856,509 including 3,473,892 males and 3,382,617 females as per the provisional results of the Census of India 2011. This is only 0.57 per cent of Indias total population, recording a growth of 12.81 per cent. Total grandness rate (TFR) per woman is 1.8 which is one of lowest in India.Himachal Pradesh has a literacy rate of 83.78 per cent and gender ratio at 974/1000, according to the 2011 Census figures.Census-wise, the state is p laced 21st on the population chart followed by Tripura at 22nd place. Kangra district was top ranked with a population distinctiveness of 1,507,223 (21.98%), Mandi district 999,518 (14.58%), Shimla district 813,384 (11.86%), Solan district 576,670 (8.41%), Sirmaur district 530,164 (7.73%), Una district 521,057 (7.60%), Chamba district 518,844 (7.57%), Hamirpur district 454,293 (6.63%), Kullu district 437,474 (6.38%),Bilaspur district 382,056 (5.57%), Kinnaur district 84,298 (1.23%) and Lahaul Spiti 31,528 (0.46%).The main communities are Rajputs, Rathis, Brahmins and Ghirth. The Ghirth (choudhary) fraternity is found mainly in Kangra District. Himachal has a sizeable population of Tibetans. Himachal Pradesh has the one of the highest proportion of Hindu population in India (95%). Other religions that form a small percentage are Buddhism and Sikhism. The Lahaulis of Lahaul and Spiti region are mainly Buddhists. Sikhs mostly live in towns and cities and constitute 1.23% of the state population.For example they form 10% of the population in Una District adjoining the state of Punjab and 17% in Shimla, the state capital. The Buddhists are mainly natives and tribals from Lahaul and Spiti, where they form majority of 60% and Kinnaur where they form 40%, however the bulk are refugees from Tibet.25 The Muslims constitute slightly 1.63% of the population of Himachal Pradesh.The life expectancy at birth in Himachal Pradesh is 62.8 years (higher than the national average of 57.7 years) for 19861990. The infant mortality rate stood at 40 in 2010 and crude birth rate has declined from 37.3 in 1971 to 16.9 in 2010, below the national average of 26.5 in 1998. The crude death rate was 6.9 in 2010. Himachal Pradeshs literacy rate grew by 34.65% between 1981 and 2001.LanguagesHindi is both the official language and the lingua franca of Himachal Pradesh. However, much of the population speaks Pahari, which includes nearly all Western Pahari dialects. Medium of pedagogy in sch ools and colleges is Hindi, Punjabi, and English.CultureMain article Culture of Himachal Pradesh Kullu Dussehra festival The village of Nako in Kinnaur, Himachal PradeshHimachal was one of the a few(prenominal) states that had remained largely untouched by external customs, largely due to its voiceless terrain. With the technological advancements the state has changed very rapidly. It is amultireligional, multicultural as well as multilingual state like other Indian states. Some of the most commonly spoken languages includes Hindi, Pahari, Dogri, Mandeali Kangri, Mandyali, Gojri and Kinnauri. The caste communities residing in Himachal include the Brahmins, Rajputs, Gujjars, Gaddis, Ghirth (choudhary), Kannets, Rathis and Kolis, Sood There are tribal populations in the state which mainly comprise Kinnars, Pangawals, Sulehria, and Lahaulis.The state is well known for its handicrafts. The carpets, leather works, shawls, metalware, woodwork and paintings are worth appreciating. Pashmi na shawls are a product that is highly in demand in Himachal and all over the country. Himachali caps are famous art work of the people. Extreme cold winters of Himachal necessitated wool weaving. Nearly every household in Himachal owns a pit-loom. woolen is considered as pure and is used as a ritual cloth. The well-known(a) woven object is the shawl, ranging from fine pashmina to the coarse desar. Kullu is famous for its shawls with striking patterns and spirited colours. Kangra and Dharamshala are famous for Kangra miniature paintings.Local music and dance reflect the cultural identity of the state. Through their dance and music, they entreat their gods during local festivals and other special occasions. Apart from the fairs and festivals that are celebrated all over India, there are number of other fairs and festivals that are of great significance to Himachal Pradesh.Shimla, the state capital, is domicile to Asias only natural ice skating rink.FoodThe day to day sustenance o f Himachalis is though similar to the rest of north India but is unique for its taste and ingredients used. They have lentil, rice, and vegetables. The rotis (breads) are made of flours like wheat and maze. Some of the specialties of the Himachali cuisine include Mandra, Maahni, Batt, Mitha Saloona, Bhujju, Saag, Palda, Redhu, chouck, bhagjery, jhoul,siddu/batooru, beduan, chutney, khatti dal, etc. Famous peopleProminent people associated with Himachal include The Great Khali, Anupam Kher, Amrish Puri (who analyze here), Prem Chopra (brought up here), Mohit Chauhan, Anand Sharma (member of Rajya Sabha and Union Cabinet Minister for Commerce and Industry of the Government of India), Third Supreme Court Chief-Justice and former Prime Minister of Kashmir in 1947 Mehr Chand Mahajan, economist and former vice-president of World Bank Shahid Javed Burki, NSG Commando, Pritam Singh, Bollywood actresses Preity Zinta is the brand ambassador of the state while other famous people from Hindi ci nema are Kangna Ranaut, Hollywood actress Namrata Singh Gujral, Satyananda Stokes who introduced the company apple in the region, writer Idries Shah, ornithologist Allan Octavian Hume (had his home here) former general of Pakistan Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq and current president of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai who both studied here.Vijay Kumar won silver medal in 25m shooting in 2012 Summer Olympics belong to village Harsore near Barsar in Hamirpur district. EducationMain articles Education in Himachal Pradesh and List of institutions of higher education in Himachal Pradesh Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital at ShimlaIndian Institute of pass on Study at Shimla National Institute of engineering science, Hamirpur, (Admin block)Himachal Pradesh has one of the highest literacy rate in India next to Kerala.31 Hamirpur District is among the top districts in the country for literacy.31 Education rates among women are quite encouraging in the state.31 The standard of education in the state h as reached a considerably high level as compared to other states in India31 with several reputed educational institutes for higher studies.The Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh University Shimla, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT, CSIR Lab), Palampur, the National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, the Central University Dharamshala, the Baddi University of emerge Sciences and Technologies Baddi, the Jaypee University of Information Technology Waknaghat, Eternal University, Sirmaur & Chitkara University Solan are some of the innovatoruniversities in the state.CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalya Palampur is one of the most renowned hill agriculture institutes in world. Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry has earned a unique distinction in India for imparting teaching, explore and extension education in horticulture, forestry and allied disciplines. Further, state-run Jawaharlal Nehru Government Engineering College started in 2006 at Sundernagar is an important milestone in higher technical education in the state.The state government is working constantly to prepare plans and projects to tone up the education system. The state government decided to start three treat colleges to develop the health system.There are over 10,000 primary schools, 1,000 secondary schools and more than 1,300 high schools in Himachal. The state government has decided to start three major nursing colleges to develop the health system in the state.31 In meeting the constitutional obligation to make primary education compulsory, Himachal has became the first state in India to make elementary education accessible to every child.The state has Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital, Kumarhatti. Besides that there is Himachal Dental College which is the states first recognised dental institute